🪷 Bhagavad-Gītā · 16.1

16.1 अभयम् fearlessness? सत्त्वसंशुद्धिः purity of heart? ज्ञानयोगव्यवस्थितिः steadfastness in knowledge and Yoga? दानम् atmsgiving? दमः control of the senses? च and? यज्ञः sacrifice? च and? स्वाध्यायः study of Sastras? तपः austerity? आर्जवम् straightforwardness.Commentary The Lord made a mention of the three kinds of Nature that belong to sentient beings? viz.? the nature of the gods? Asuras and Rakshasas? in the ninth discourse (verses 12 and 13). He now describes them in detail in this discourse. The distinction between the god or the godman and the Asuras is clearly drawn in the first? second? third and fourth verses. Daivi Prakriti or the nature of the gods leads to Moksha or release from the round of birth and death. The nature of the Asuras and Rakshasas leads to bondage. This is an obstacle to the attainment of knowledge of the Self. The divine nature must be accepted and cultivated the Asuric and Rakshasic nature should be abandoned. All these alities are found in human beings. There are Sattvic people who possess the divine attributes there are Asuras and Rakshasas among human beings also? who are endowed with demoniacal alities? who are filled with excessive Tamas. In an ordinary man there is a mixture of the three Gunas. Tamas and Rajas pull a man downwards Sattva lifts a man upwards. Tamas and Rajas lead to bondage Sattva helps to attain salvation. Discipline yourself and develop Sattva This is the foundation of Yoga. This is the first preparatory discipline. The first rung in the spiritual ladder is reached by developing Sattva. When the mind is Sattvic? thee is calmness in it. Divine light can descend only when the mind is serene and cheerful.The Sattvic man controls the senses? does selfless service? and practises Japa? Pranayama? concentration? meditation? selfanalysis and eniry of Who am I He is not attracted by sensual objects. He has a burning desire for attaining Moksha. He is humble? generous? merciful? forbearing? tolerant and pious. He destroys his little personality. The Rajasic man is proud? intolearnt? egoistic? selfsufficient? lustful? hottermpered? greedy and jealous. He works for his own glory and fame and selfaggrandisement. he develops his own little vain personality.There is intimate connection between the Gunas and Karmas. The nature of the Karmas depends upon the nature of the Gunas. A Sattvic man will do virtuous actions. A Rajasic and Tamasic man will perform evil actions. It is the Guna that goads a man to do actions. The Self or Brahman is actionless. It is the silent witness.The Lord sums up in the first three verses the alities of a godly man who is inclined to the path of liberation. He then enumerates the alities of the demoniacal man. The theme of this chapter is the tracing of the difference between the divine and the Asuric nature.Virtue and vice are relative terms. The virtue of one period will become the vice of the other. From the transcendental point of view? there is neither virtue nor vice.Why should there be evil How did evil arise -- these are all transcendental estions (Atiprasnas). You can get answers to these estions only when you attain Selfrealisation. People unnecessarily rack their brains to get an answer to these estions. It is a serious mistake.Daivi Sampat (divine wealth or the wealth of divine alities) helps the aspirant to attain knowledge of the Self. The Sattvic or divine attributes such as fearlessness? purity of heart? control of the senses? etc.? constitute Daivi Sampat. They enable the aspirant to attain the highest state of superconsciousness (Nirvikalpa Samadhi) wherein the seer and the seen are united in one? the meditator and the meditated become identical. Divine alities or attributes which go to augment the bliss of the Self? which help the aspirant to attain the happiness of the Self? are called divine,wealth.Among the divine alities? fearlessness stands foremost. Fear is an effect of ignorance. Identification with the body causes fear. Blind attachment to the body? wife? children? house or property is the cause of fear. The sge who has realised the Self is absolutely fearless.He who knows the Bliss of Brahman from which words as well as the mind turn powerless? fears nothing. (Taittiriya Upanishad)Fearlessness is the devout observance of the precepts enjoined in the scriptures without doubting. The state of being free from the fear? How can I live now when I have renounced everything? when I have none to support me is fearlessness. A Sannyasi resolves when he takes Sannyasa? I will not induce fear in any living creature. Keeping up this resolve of Abhaya Dana (gift of the boon of fearlessness to all creatures) in thought? word and deed is Abhayam or fearlessness. Fear can be removed by constant thinking of the immortal and allblissful nature of the Self. If you lead a life of honesty and truthfulness? if you devoutly observe the precepts of the scriptures without doubting? if you lead a life of right conduct? and if you remember God always? you will become fearless. When one beholds the Self only everywhere? when the sense of duality has vanished? when the sense of unity has dawned in him? how can he be afraid of anything? how can the feeling of fear arise in him Fearlessness is essential for the attainment of Moksha or salvation. Fearlessness is the chief characteristic of a liberated sage. It is the one accurate measure of ones spiritual progress. It is the cardinal virtue of an illumined sage. That is the reason why it is placed in the forefront of all divine alities. Only a liberated sage can be absolutely fearless.Sattvic Subha Vasana (good tendency) is Daivi Sampat. It induces a man to practise discrimination? dispassion? control of the mind and the senses? etc.? which help him to attain knowledge of the Self. The Rajasic and the Tamasic (Asubha or evil) Vasnas (tendencies) which operate along the currents of RagaDvesha (likes and dislikes)? which induce one to perform actions which are prohibited by the scriptures and which produce disastrous effects? constitute demoniacal nature.In Asuric nature inclination towards sensual pleasures is predominant in Rakshasic nature hatred predominates and the Rakshasa does various sorts of harm and injury to others.Good tendencies lead to Moksha. Evil tendencies lead to bondage. Good tendencies must be cultivated. Evil tendencies should be eradicated. You shoul first have a knowledge of the essential nature of these two Vasanas? if you wish to cultivate the good tendencies and eradicate the evil ones. This sixteenth discourse gives a vivid description of these tendencies.Sattvasamsuddhih Purity of understanding? cleanliness of life or purity of heart. Purity of mind? i.e.? giving up of cheating? hypocrisy? untruth and the like? in all dealings with the people? and doing transactions with perfect honesty and integrity is Sattvasamsuddhi.When the understanding abides constantly in the immortal Self and is thus firm and steadfast? you may know this to be a condition of purity. On account of purity the mind can know the Self. The state of the mind wherein it is free from doubts like Asambhavana (thought of improbability of the existence of the Self)? etc.? through hearing of the scriptures is Sattvasamsuddhi. As purity of mind cannot be obtained without devotion to the Lord? devotion is implied in these Sattvic virtues.Jnana Knowledge understanding the nature of the Self? as taught in the scriptures and by the preceptor Selfrealisation through meditation on the Great Sentence of the Upanishad. I am Brahman (Aham Brahmasmi)? is Jnana.Yoga is union of the individual soul with the Supreme Being it is the direct realisation of the Self by concentration and meditation? through selfrestraint or control of the senses. The aspirant cognises through direct perception by the inner eye of intuition or wisdom what has been learnt from the scriptures and the preceptor. The aspirant attains Selfrealisation or direct knowledge. He becomes one with Brahman -- the Absolute. He gets indirect knowledge or mere understanding or theoretical knowledge of Brahman from the scriptures. Now through the practice of Yoga he gets direct knowledge. The attempt which is favourable for the annihilation of the mind and the latent tendencies is also known as Yoga.Jnanayogavyavasthitih The state of Jivanmukti attained through Jnana Yoga? which is distinct from the state of the worldlyminded persons.Fearlessness? purity of heart and steadfastness in knowledge and Yoga are the three preeminent virtues amongst the Sattvic attributes enumerated in verses 1 to 3. They are found in Jnana Yogins only. The other alities are common to Jnana Yogins? Karma Yogins? Raja Yogins and Bhaktas. Unless you possess Sattvic virtues? you cannot practise any kind of Yoga. If you cultivate one virtue? all other virtues will cling to you by themselves. Fearlessness is the basis and foundation of the whole of mans moral structure within.Svadhyaya and Tamas constitute Kriya Yoga. Svadhyaya constitutes BrahmaYajna. Almsgiving and sacrifice pertain to Karma Yoga. Almsgiving? selfcontrol and sacrifice constitute Daivi Sampat for householders. Those alities mentioned in chapter XVI? verses 1 to 3? which belong to the aspirant who practises a particular form of Yoga constitute the Daivi Sampat of the disciple on that path.Dana Almsgiving distributing food? clothes? etc.? as far as it iles in ones power? according to ones means. A charitable man hastens to comfort the distressed and helps the needy. Charity is of three kinds? viz.? Sattvic? Rajasic and Tamasic (see chapter XVII? 20 to 22). It opens the gates of heaven. It will bring nearer the means of liberation. Just as the tree gives fruit and shade without distinction? so also give to him who needs? without distinction? with a cheerful heart.Dama Selfrestraint? selfcontrol? control of the external senses. The control of the inner senses or the mind is described in the next verse.The practice of selfcontrol annihilates the union between the senses and the sensual objects. It separates the senses from their respective objects. The aspirant will not allow the wind of the sensual objects to blow through the gateway of his senses. He keeps the senses under the strictest restraint. He lights the fire of dispassion at all the ten gates of the body. He takes rigid vows. He observes Mauna (the vow of silence) and celibacy. He is moderate in his diet. He keeps the golden medium in everything. He checks the outgoing tendencies of the mind and the senses. He induces the mind and the senses to turn backwards towards their source. Just as an enemy is cut down by means of a weapon? so also every tendency towards sensual objects is cut down by the practice of selfcontrol. All internal promptings? cravings and Vasanas should be burnt in the fire of renunciation? at the ten gates of the senses. As householders cannot practise perfect control of the senses? even moderation or regulated and disciplined life will constitute selfrestraint for them. The practice of selfcontrol includes forgiveness? harmlessness? truth? steadiness and,patience.Yajna Sacrifice. The fireworship (Agnihotra) and the like enjoined in the Vedas and also the sacrifice to the gods (DevaYajna) or worship of the gods? PitriYajna? BhutaYajna? ManushyaYajna and BrahmaYajna enjoined in the scriptures (Smritis).Svadhyaya Study of the Vedas in order to attain the unseen fruits.Tapas Austerity? moritification of the body and other forms of penance. True Tapas is meditation on the Self. It is fixing the mind on Brahman or the Self. It is to separate oneself from the physical body and the other four sheaths and to identify oneself with the Absolute. It is to turn the mind towards the soul. The three kinds of Tapas mentioned in chapter XVII? verses 14 to 16 come under this category.Arjavam Straightforwardness. This is conducive to the attainment of knowledge. The aspirant should always be candid? upright or straightforward. Straightforwardness should be his constant attitutde. A just and truthful man alone can be straightforward. He is respected by the people. He is liked by all. He attains success in all his endeavours. He never hides facts or truth.

16.1 Abhayam, fearlessness; sattva-samsuddhih, purtiy of the mind (sattva), mentally avoiding fraud, trickery, falsehood, etc. in dealings, i.e., honest behaviour; jnana-yoga-vyavasthitih, persistence in knowledge and yoga-jnana means knowledge of such subjects as the Self, learnt from scriptures and teachers; yoga means making those things that have been learnt matters of one's own personal experience through concentration by means of withdrawl of the organs etc.; persistence, steadfastness, in those two, knowledge and yoga;-this [This-refers to all the three from 'fearlessness' to 'persistence in knowledge and yoga'.] is the principal divine characteristic which is sattvika (born of the sattva ality). That nature which may occur in persons competent in their respective spheres, [Persons treading the path of Jnana-yoga or Karma-yoga have sattvika alities. Some of the alities mentioned in the first three verses occur only in the former, whereas the others are found in both or only in the latter.-Tr.]-that is said to be their sattvika attribute. Danam, charity, distribution of food etc. according to one's ability; and damah, control of the external organs-the control of the internal organ, santih, will be referred to later; yajnah, sacrifices-Agnihotra etc. sanctioned by the Vedas, and sacrifices in honour of gods and others [Others: Those in honour of the manes, humans and other beings. Brahma-yajna, the fifth sacrifice, is referred to separately by svadhyaya.] sanctioned by the Smrtis: svadhyayah, study of the Rg-veda etc. for unseen results; tapah, austerity, those concerning the body, etc., which will be stated (17.14-16); arjavam, rectitude, straigthforwardness at all times-. Further,

16.1 The Lord said 'Fear' is the pain arising from the awareness of the cause which brings about pain in the form of either dissociation from the objects of attainment or association with the objects of aversion. The absence of this is 'fearlessness'. 'Purity of mind' is the condition of Sattva, viz., the state of the internal organ being untouched by Rajas and Tamas. 'Devotion to meditation on the knowledge (of the self)' is firm adherence to the discrimination between the pure nature of the self and Prakrti. 'Alms-giving' is the giving away of one's wealth earned through right means to the deserving. 'Self-control' is the practice of withdrawal of the mind from sense-objects. 'Worship' is the performance of the fivefold duties (sacrifices) etc., of life in the spirit of worship of the Lord without attachment to the fruits. The 'study of the Vedas' is devotion to the Vedic study with the conviction that all the teachings of the Vedas deal with the Lord, with His glorious nature and with the mode of worshipping Him. 'Austerity' is the practice of penances like Krchra, Candrayana, vow on the twelfth day of the lunar fortnight, etc., which foster capability for performing acts pleasing to the Lord. 'Uprightness' consists of the oneness of thought, word and deed in one's dealings with others.

16.1 See Coment under 16.5

।।16.1।। इस प्रथम श्लोक को पढ़ने से हमें उन अमानित्वादि बीस गुणों (जीवनादर्शों) का स्मरण होता है? जिन्हें क्षेत्राध्याय में भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण ने ज्ञान की संज्ञा प्रदान की थी। इस श्लोक में उन आदर्श गुणों की प्राय सम्पूर्ण सूची प्रस्तुत की गयी है? जो आध्यात्मिक जीवन जीने वाले एक सुसंस्कृत पुरुष में देखे जाते हैं। अपने व्यावहारिक जीवन में उन बीस गुणों को जीना ही आध्यात्मिक जीवन कहलाता है। भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण इन दैवी गुणों की गणना करते समय प्रथम स्थान अभय को देते हैं। भय अविद्या का लक्षण है। जहाँ विद्या है? वहाँ निर्भयता है। गुणों की इस सूची में अभय को प्रथम स्थान देकर गीताचार्य़ यह इंगित करते हैं कि किसी साधक की नैतिक पूर्णता उसके आध्यात्मिक विकास के समान अनुपात में होती है।अन्तकरण की शुद्धि अपने व्यक्तित्व के बाह्य स्तर पर साधक को कितना ही संयम क्यों न हो? फिर भी वह संयम उसे रचनात्मक और निश्चयात्मक शक्ति प्रदान नहीं कर सकता? जो कि नैतिक जीवन का सार है? मर्म है। गीता? सैद्धांतिक और व्यावहारिक इन दोनों ही दृष्टियों से एक शक्तिशाली धर्म का उपदेश देती है। निष्क्रिय सदाचार का पालन करने वाली आज्ञाकारी पीढ़ी से भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण सन्तुष्ट नहीं हैं। वे चाहते हैं कि समाज के सभी लोग न केवल अपने व्यक्तिगत जीवन में ही सर्वोच्च नैतिक मूल्यों को जियें? वरन् सामाजिक जीवन में भी धर्माचरण की ऐसी नवचेतना जाग्रत करें? जिससे मनुष्यों की सम्पूर्ण पीढ़ी ही सत्य और धर्म के प्रकाश से उज्वल बन जाये। धर्म शब्द के अर्थ में उद्देश्यों की सत्यता और साधनों की शुद्धता अन्तर्निहित है।ज्ञानयोगव्यवस्थिति अत्यन्त देहासक्त और विषयासक्त पुरुष को उपर्युक्त अन्तकरण की शुद्धि प्राप्त नहीं हो सकती। आत्मा के दिव्य गान के साथ एकस्वर हुए मन में ही अपनी निम्न स्तर की वृत्तियों? बन्धनकारक आसक्तियों और निन्द्य उद्देश्यों को त्यागने की आवश्यक सार्मथ्य होती है। ये हीन वृत्तियां सदैव अन्तकरण में उभर कर सामने आती रहती हैं। ज्ञानयोग में दृढ़ स्थिति ही मन को निम्नस्तर के प्रलोभनों से निवृत्त करने का निश्चयात्मक उपाय है। यदि कोई बालक कांच की निर्मित नाजुक कलाकृति के साथ खेल रहा हो? तो उसके मातापिता? उस बहुमूल्य वस्तु की सुरक्षा के लिए? प्राय बालक को चॉकलेट आदि कोई वस्तु देते हैं और वह बालक उसे पान्ो के लिए उस कांच की मूल्यवान् वस्तु को त्याग देता है। इसी प्रकार? आत्मा के आनन्द को अनुभव करने वाले पुरुष इन्द्रियों के विषयों तथा तज्जनित क्षणिक सुखों में स्वभावत आसक्त नहीं होता।दान? दम (इन्द्रिय संयम) और यज्ञ ज्ञानयोग में दृढ़ स्थिति प्राप्त करने के ये तीन साधन हैं जिनके द्वारा एक साधक अन्तकरण की योग्यता प्राप्त कर सकता है। बहुलता के भाव से उत्पन्न हुई दान की प्रवृत्ति ही वास्तविक दान है। जब हम अन्यों के साथ एकत्व का अनुभव करते हैं? तभी हम सबके साथ अपने सर्वस्व का विभाजन करने के लिए तत्पर होते हैं? अन्यथा नहीं। इस प्रकार? दान का उदय हमारी इस क्षमता से होता है? जिसके द्वारा हम अपनी परिग्रह और लोभ की प्रवृत्ति को संयमित करते हैं। जहाँ इनका संयमन एक पक्ष है? तो दूसरा पक्ष है यज्ञ अर्थात् त्याग की भावना। यज्ञ भावना से प्रेरित होने पर ही हम अपने संग्रह का दान कर सकते हैं। दान शब्द से केवल धन या वस्तुओं का ही दान नहीं? वरन् दुखियों के साथ सहानुभूति का भाव तथा ज्ञानदान भी इसमें सम्मिलित है।यदि दान साधक के वैराग्य को विकसित करता है? जिससे वह साधक अपनी सम्पत्ति का विनियोग दीनजनों की सहायता में करता है? तो हम कह सकते हैं कि हमारे व्यक्तिगत जीवन में इन्द्रियसंयम (दम)? उसी यज्ञ भावना का संप्रयोग है। इन्द्रियों के विषयों में विचरण करने का पूर्ण अधिकार देने का अर्थ अपनी सम्पूर्ण शक्ति का निष्फल ही अपव्यय करना है। साधक को चाहिए कि अपनी इस शक्ति का उपयोग वह अपने ध्यानाभ्यास में करे। मन को आत्मा में समाहित करने के लिए सूक्ष्म शक्ति की आवश्यकता होती है और उसे साधक इन्द्रियसंयम के द्वारा अपने में ही निहित देख सकता है। दान और दम के बिना सत्य की तीर्थयात्रा मात्र स्वप्न ही है।यज्ञ वैदिककाल में यज्ञ शब्द का अर्थ श्रद्धायुक्त होमहवन आदि का अनुष्ठान समझा जाता था। उस काल में साधकगण इन यज्ञों का श्रद्धापूर्वक अनुष्ठान करते थे। पौराणिक काल में वैदिक कर्मकाण्ड का स्थान मूर्तिपूजा? प्रार्थना जैसी भक्ति साधनाओं ने ले लिया जो उसी रूप में आज भी विद्यमान हैं। यज्ञ अर्थात् पूजा के अनुष्ठान से मन को एक आलम्बन प्राप्त होने से इन्द्रियों का संयमन करने में सरलता होती है। उसी प्रकार? चित्त की शुद्धता भी प्राप्त होने से दान की भावना भी जागृत होती है। इन गुणों के होने से आत्मानुभूति सहज सिद्ध हो जाती है। इस प्रकार? इस श्लोक में यह ध्यान देने योग्य बात है कि प्रत्येक उत्तरोत्तर गुण अपने पूर्व के गुण से किस्ा प्रकार संबद्ध है।स्वाध्याय इस शब्द का पारम्परिक अर्थ है? वेदों का नित्य पठन तथा यथासंभव उसका अध्ययन भी करना। वेदों के नित्य? नियमित अध्ययन से हमें अपने व्यावहारिक जीवन में दैवी गुणों को जीने की प्रेरणा मिलती है। परन्तु? स्वाध्याय से मात्र वेदपठन या बौद्धिक स्तर पर उसके अर्थ को समझना ही पर्याप्त नहीं है। संस्कृत के इस शब्द का आशय है स्वयं का अध्ययन अर्थात् आत्मनिरीक्षण। वेदप्रतिपादित सत्यों को समझकर उनका स्वानुभवकरण ही वास्तविक स्वाध्याय है। स्वाध्याय और यज्ञ से हमें आत्मसंयम का जीवन जीने का साहस प्राप्त होगा? जो हमें अपने ध्यानाभ्यास में चित्त की स्थिरता प्रदान करेगा।तप शारीरिक स्तर पर पालन किये जाने वाले व्रत? उपवास आदि तप कहलाते हैं। तपाचरण से बाह्यजगत् के भोगों में व्यर्थ ही नष्ट होने वाली हमारी शक्ति का संचय होता है? जिसके सदुपयोग आत्मविकास के लिए किया जा सकता है।आर्जवम् इसका अर्थ है सरलता। बुद्धि के विचार? मन की भावनाओं और कर्मों में कुटिलता का साधक के व्यक्तित्व पर आत्मघातक परिणाम होता है। हमारे वास्तविक उद्देश्यों और प्रेरणाओं? निश्चय और आकांक्षाओं? विवेक और अनुभवों को असत्य सिद्ध करने वाले हमारे कर्मों का परिणाम अपने व्यक्तित्व की वक्रता होता है। जो व्यक्ति इस प्रकार का व्यक्तित्व जीता है? उसका जीवन दो भागों में विभाजित हो जाता है और शीघ्र ही वह अपनी कार्यकुशलता की आभा को खो देता है और व्यक्तिगत दृढ़ता की शक्ति की दृष्टि से भी दुर्बल हो जाता है।इस प्रकार? इस अध्याय के प्रथम श्लोक में ही? दैवीगुणों का उल्लेख करते हुए? उनके परस्पर संबंधों को भी दर्शाया गया है। हिन्दू धर्ण में वर्णित नैतिक मूल्य और सदाचार के नियम किसी कल्पनाकुशल सन्त या उदास देवदूत की स्वैच्छिक घोषणाएं नहीं हैं। विवेक और अनुभवों की दृढ़ चट्टानों की नींव पर उनका निर्णाण हुआ है। निष्ठापूर्वक उनका पालन करने और सजगतापूर्वक उन्हें जीने पर? वे हमारी प्राय सुप्त दैवी क्षमताओं को व्यक्त करने में अपना योगदान देते हैं। हिन्दू धर्म के अनुसार ये दैवी गुण अपने आप में स्वर्ग प्रवेश का अधिकार प्रदान नहीं कर सकते? परन्तु मनुष्य के हृदय में स्थित दिव्य आत्मतत्त्व को पूर्णतया उजागर करने म्ों वे पूर्ण तैयारी के रूप में सहायक होते हैं।और आगे कहते हैं