🪷 Bhagavad-Gītā · 13.22
Chapter 13 · क्षेत्रक्षेत्रज्ञविभागयोग · Kṣetra-Kṣetrajña-Vibhāga-Yoga · "The Yoga of the Field & the Field-Knower" · Verse 22 of 35
पुरुषः प्रकृतिस्थो हि भुङ्क्ते प्रकृतिजान्गुणान्।कारणं गुणसङ्गोऽस्य सदसद्योनिजन्मसु।।13.22।।
🪷 English Translations
Five authentic English voices · each from a distinct sampradāya · together revealing the verse's full śabda-tattva.
Shri Purohit Swami · Poetic English · 1935 · public domain · Cosmo Press tradition
13.22 God dwelling in the heart of Nature experiences the Qualities which nature brings forth; and His affinity towards the Qualities is the reason for His living in a good or evil body.
Swami Sivananda · Direct prose · Divine Life Society
13.22 The soul seated in Nature experiences the alities born of Nature; attachment to the alities is the cause of its birth in good and evil wombs.
Swami Gambīrānanda · Word-key glosses · Advaita Ashrama · Śaṅkara-school
13.22 Hi, since; purusah, the soul, the experiencer; is prakrtisthah, seated in Nature, which is characterized as ignorance and gets transformed into body and organs, i.e., (since the soul) has become identified with Nature; therefore, bhunkte, [Bhunkte, lit. enjoys, here means 'experiences'.-Tr.] it enjoys, i.e. experiences; gunan, the alities-manifest as happiness, sorrow and delusion; prakrtijan, born of Nature, thinking thus, 'I am happy, sorrowful, deluded, learned.' Even though ignorance continues as a cause, still the main cause of worldly existence, of birth, is the contact, the self-identification, with the alities-happiness,sorrow, and delusion-when they are experienced, as is affirmed by the Upanisadic text, 'What it desires, it resolves' (Br. 4.4.5) [See Sankaracarya's Comm. on this.-Tr.].
That very fact is stated here: Gunasangah, contact with the alities; is karanam, the cause; asya, of its, the soul's, the experiencer's; sad-asad-yoni-janmasu, births in good and evil wombs. Self-identification with the alities is the cause of the experience of births in good and evil wombs. Or the meaning is, 'Self-identification with the alities is the cause or its worldly existence through birth in good and evil wombs,' where the words 'of worldly existence' have to be supplied. The good wombs are he wombs of gods and others; evil wombs are the wombs of gods and others; evil wombs are the wombs of beasts etc. From the force of the context it is to be understood that there is no contradiction in including even human wombs among 'good and evil wombs'.
It amounts to saying that ignorance-called 'being seated in Nature'-and the contact with. i.e. the desire for, the alities are the causes of worldly existence. And this is said so that they can be avoided. And in the scripture Gita it is a well-known fact that knowledge and dispassion, accompanied with renunciation, are the causes of removing this (ignorance and self-identification with the alities). That knowledge about the field and the Knower of the field, too, has been presented earlier. This has also been said in, '৷৷.by realizing which one attains Immortality' (12), etc., through the process of refutation of elements alien (to the Self) and superimposition of alities belonging to others (that are not the Self). [Verse 12 deals with the refutation of alien elements, and vere 13 with the superimposition of alities belonging to others.]
A direct presentation is again being made of that (knowledge) itself:
Swami Ādidevānanda · Śrī-Vaiṣṇava perspective · Rāmānuja school
13.22 The self, settled in a series of bodies of divinities, men etc., which are modifications of Prakrti, becomes attached to happiness, pain etc., resulting from the Sattva and other alities associated with the respective wombs, and hence engages Itself in virtuous and sinful deeds, constituting the means for happiness, misery etc. In order to experience the fruits of those good and evil deeds, It is born again in good and evil wombs. Then It becomes active and conseently is born again as a result of Its activities. As long as It does not cultivate alities like modesty etc., which are the means for realising the self, so long Its entanglement in Samsara continues like this. Thus, it has been declared here that attachment causes births in good and evil wombs.
Dr. S. Sankaranarayan · Academic precision · modern scholarly
13.22. For, the Soul, seated on the Material Cause, enjoys the Strands born of the Material Cause; His attachment to the Strands is the cause for his births in the good and evil wombs.
🪷 Hindi Translation · हिन्दी अनुवाद
For the Hindi-aware seer · Pūjya Swami Rāmsukhdās ji's translation · the highest-readability modern Hindi rendering · Gītā-Press Gorakhpur tradition.
🪷 Swami Rāmsukhdās · Sādhaka-Sañjīvanī tradition · Gītā-Press Gorakhpur · highest modern Hindi reading
।।13.22।।प्रकृतिमें स्थित पुरुष ही प्रकृतिजन्य गुणोंका भोक्ता बनता है और गुणोंका सङ्ग ही उसके ऊँच-नीच योनियोंमें जन्म लेनेका कारण बनता है।
🪷 English Commentaries · The Ācārya Voices
The classical commentary tradition rendered in English · each ācārya speaks from their own sampradāya · the seer chooses the depth of darśana.
Swami Sivananda · Verse-by-verse word-keys with Sanskrit anchors
13.22 पुरुषः Purusha? प्रकृतिस्थः seated in Prakriti? हि indeed? भुङक्ते enjoys? प्रकृतिजान् born of Prakriti? गुणान् alities? कारणम् the cause? गुणसङ्गः attachment to the Gunas? अस्य of his? सदसद्योनिजन्मसु of birth in good and evil wombs.Commentary The soul residing in Nature and identifying itself with the body and the senses which are modifications of Nature acts through the alities of Nature and experiences pleasure and pain and delusion. It thinks? I am happy? I am miserable? I am deluded? I am wise. When it thus identifies itself with the alities? it assumes individuality and takes birth in pure and impure wombs.The soul (Jivatma) enjoys the sensual objects in conjunction with the body? mind and the senses and thus becomes the enjoyer. Brahman is the silent witness and nonenjoyer. The souls attachment to the alities of pleasure? pain and delusion is the chief cause of its birth. If you add the word Samsara to the second half of the verse? it will mean Attachment to the alities is the cause of Samsara through births in good and evil wombs.Good wombs (Sat Yoni) are those of the gods and the like evil wombs (Asat Yoni) are those of lower animals. The human womb is partly good and partly evil on account of mixed Karmas.Purushah prakritisthah Purusha (the soul) seated in Prakriti (Nature). This is Avidya (ignorance). Attachment to the alities of Nature is Kama (desire). Avidya and Kama are the cause of Samsara.Jnana (wisdom) and Vairagya (dispassion) will destroy ignorance and desire. (Cf.XIV.5XV.7)
Swami Gambīrānanda · Advaita-school commentary (Śaṅkara tradition)
13.22 Hi, since; purusah, the soul, the experiencer; is prakrtisthah, seated in Nature, which is characterized as ignorance and gets transformed into body and organs, i.e., (since the soul) has become identified with Nature; therefore, bhunkte, [Bhunkte, lit. enjoys, here means 'experiences'.-Tr.] it enjoys, i.e. experiences; gunan, the alities-manifest as happiness, sorrow and delusion; prakrtijan, born of Nature, thinking thus, 'I am happy, sorrowful, deluded, learned.' Even though ignorance continues as a cause, still the main cause of worldly existence, of birth, is the contact, the self-identification, with the alities-happiness,sorrow, and delusion-when they are experienced, as is affirmed by the Upanisadic text, 'What it desires, it resolves' (Br. 4.4.5) [See Sankaracarya's Comm. on this.-Tr.].
That very fact is stated here: Gunasangah, contact with the alities; is karanam, the cause; asya, of its, the soul's, the experiencer's; sad-asad-yoni-janmasu, births in good and evil wombs. Self-identification with the alities is the cause of the experience of births in good and evil wombs. Or the meaning is, 'Self-identification with the alities is the cause or its worldly existence through birth in good and evil wombs,' where the words 'of worldly existence' have to be supplied. The good wombs are he wombs of gods and others; evil wombs are the wombs of gods and others; evil wombs are the wombs of beasts etc. From the force of the context it is to be understood that there is no contradiction in including even human wombs among 'good and evil wombs'.
It amounts to saying that ignorance-called 'being seated in Nature'-and the contact with. i.e. the desire for, the alities are the causes of worldly existence. And this is said so that they can be avoided. And in the scripture Gita it is a well-known fact that knowledge and dispassion, accompanied with renunciation, are the causes of removing this (ignorance and self-identification with the alities). That knowledge about the field and the Knower of the field, too, has been presented earlier. This has also been said in, '৷৷.by realizing which one attains Immortality' (12), etc., through the process of refutation of elements alien (to the Self) and superimposition of alities belonging to others (that are not the Self). [Verse 12 deals with the refutation of alien elements, and vere 13 with the superimposition of alities belonging to others.]
A direct presentation is again being made of that (knowledge) itself:
Swami Ādidevānanda · Rāmānuja Śrī-Vaiṣṇava commentary
13.22 The self, settled in a series of bodies of divinities, men etc., which are modifications of Prakrti, becomes attached to happiness, pain etc., resulting from the Sattva and other alities associated with the respective wombs, and hence engages Itself in virtuous and sinful deeds, constituting the means for happiness, misery etc. In order to experience the fruits of those good and evil deeds, It is born again in good and evil wombs. Then It becomes active and conseently is born again as a result of Its activities. As long as It does not cultivate alities like modesty etc., which are the means for realising the self, so long Its entanglement in Samsara continues like this. Thus, it has been declared here that attachment causes births in good and evil wombs.
Dr. S. Sankaranarayan · Modern academic scholarship
13.22 See Comment under 13.23
Swami Chinmayānanda · Chinmaya Mission · modern Vedantic teaching
।।13.22।। यद्यपि पूर्ण पुरुष परमात्मा का कोई संसार नहीं है? तथापि प्रकृति से उत्पन्न उपाधियों से अविच्छिन्नसा हुआ वह भोक्ता भाव को प्राप्त होता है। यही प्रकृतिस्थ पुरुष है।शीतउष्ण? रागद्वेष? सुखदुख आदि गुण जड़ प्रकृति (क्षेत्र) के धर्म हैं। किन्तु उपाधियों के साथ अहंभाव से तादात्म्य होने के कारण यह पुरुष उसे अपने ही धर्म मानकर व्यर्थ ही दुखों को भोगता है। इससे यह स्पष्ट होता है कि पुरुष का दुख प्रकृति के कारण नहीं? वरन् उसके साथ हुए तादात्म्य के कारण है।प्रकृति के गुणों के साथ अत्याधिक आसक्ति हो जाने के कारण यह पुरुष असंख्य शुभ और अशुभ? उत्तम और अधम योनियों में जन्म लेता रहता है। ये असंख्य जन्म उसे उन वासनाओं के अनुसार प्राप्त होते हैं? जिन्हें वह जगत् में कार्य करते और फल भोगते हुए अर्जित करता रहता है।इस प्रकार? पारमार्थिक दृष्टि से सच्चिदानन्द स्वरूप होते हुए भी अविद्यावशात् यह पुरुष कर्ता? भोक्ता? सुखी? दुखी? इहलोक परलोकगामी संसारी जीव बन जाता है आत्म अज्ञान और प्रकृतिजनित गुणों से आसक्ति ही पुरुष के सांसारिक दुख का कारण है। अत संसार की आत्यन्तिक निवृत्ति के लिए जो ज्ञानमार्ग है? उसके दो अंग हैं विवेक और वैराग्य। साधक को चाहिए कि वह विवेक के द्वारा आत्मज्ञान प्राप्त करे और वैराग्य के द्वारा मिथ्या आसक्ति का त्याग करे।अगले श्लोक में परमात्मा का ही साक्षात् निर्देश करते हुए भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण कहते हैं
🪷 Hindi Vyākhyā · हिन्दी व्याख्या
Pūjya Swami Rāmsukhdās ji's Sādhaka-Sañjīvanī · one of the greatest modern Hindi vyākhyās of the Gītā · direct, pure, deeply Vedāntic · the modern Sanātana-jāgaraṇa.
🪷 Swami Rāmsukhdās · Sādhaka-Sañjīvanī · Hindi vyākhyā · the modern bilingual anchor
।।13.22।। व्याख्या -- पुरुषः प्रकृतिस्थो (टिप्पणी प0 697) हि भुङ्क्ते प्रकृतिजान्गुणान् -- वास्तवमें पुरुष प्रकृति(शरीर) में स्थित है ही नहीं। परन्तु जब वह प्रकृति(शरीर)के साथ तादात्म्य करके शरीरको मैं और मेरा मान लेता है? तब वह प्रकृतिमें स्थित कहा जाता है। ऐसा प्रकृतिस्थ पुरुष ही (गुणोंके द्वारा रचित अनुकूलप्रतिकूल परिस्थितिको सुखदायीदुःखदायी मानकर) अनुकूल परिस्थितिके आनेपर सुखी होता है और प्रतिकूल परिस्थितिके आनेपर दुःखी होता है। यही पुरुषका प्रकृतिजन्य गुणोंका भोक्ता बनना है।जैसे मोटरदुर्घटनामें मोटर और चालक -- दोनोंका हाथ रहता है। क्रियाके होनेमें तो केवल मोटरकी ही प्रधानता रहती है? पर दुर्घटनाका फल (दण्ड) मोटरसे अपना सम्बन्ध जोड़नेवाले चालक(कर्ता) को ही भोगना पड़ता है। ऐसे ही सांसारिक कार्योंको करनेमें प्रकृति और पुरुष -- दोनोंका हाथ रहता है। क्रियाओंके होनेमें तो केवल शरीरकी ही प्रधानता रहती है? पर सुखदुःखरूप फल शरीरसे अपना सम्बन्ध जोड़नेवाले पुरुष(कर्ता) को ही भोगना पड़ता है। अगर वह शरीरके साथ अपना सम्बन्ध न जोड़े और सम्पूर्ण क्रियाओंको प्रकृतिके द्वारा ही होती हुई माने (गीता 13। 29)? तो वह उन क्रियाओंका फल भोगनेवाला नहीं बनेगा।कारणं गुणसङ्गोऽस्य सदसद्योनिजन्मसु -- जिन योनियोंमें सुखकी बहुलता होती है? उनको सत्योनि कहते हैं और जिन योनियोंमें दुःखकी बहुलता होती है? उनको असत्योनि कहते हैं। पुरुषका सत्असत् योनियोंमें जन्म लेनेका कारण गुणोंका सङ्ग ही है।सत्त्व? रज और तम -- ये तीनों गुण प्रकृतिसे उत्पन्न होते हैं। इन तीनों गुणोंसे ही सम्पूर्ण पदार्थों और क्रियाओंकी उत्पत्ति होती है। प्रकृतिस्थ पुरुष जब इन गुणोंके साथ अपना सम्बन्ध मान लेता है? तब ये उसके ऊँचनीच योनियोंमें जन्म लेनेका कारण बन जाते हैं।प्रकृतिमें स्थित होनेसे ही पुरुष प्रकृतिजन्य गुणोंका भोक्ता बनता है और यह गुणोंका सङ्ग? आसक्ति? प्रियता ही पुरुषको ऊँचनीच योनियोंमें ले जानेका कारण बनती है। अगर यह प्रकृतिस्थ न हो? प्रकृति(शरीर) में अहंताममता न करे? अपने स्वरूपमें स्थित रहे? तो यह पुरुष सुखदुःखका भोक्ता कभी नहीं बनता? प्रत्युत सुखदुःखमें सम हो जाता है? स्वस्थ हो जाता है (गीता 14। 24)। अतः यह प्रकृतिमें भी स्थित हो सकता है और अपने स्वरूपमें भी। अन्तर इतना ही है कि प्रकृतिमें स्थित होनेमें तो यह परतन्त्र है और स्वरूपमें स्थित होनेमें यह स्वाभाविक स्वतन्त्र है। बन्धनमें पड़ना इसका अस्वाभाविक है और मुक्त होना इसका स्वाभाविक है। इसलिये बन्धन इसको सुहाता नहीं है और मुक्त होना इसको सुहाता है।जहाँ प्रकृति और पुरुष -- दोनोंका भेद (विवेक) है? वहाँ ही प्रकृतिके साथ तादात्म्य करनेका? सम्बन्ध जोड़नेका अज्ञान है। इस अज्ञानसे ही यह पुरुष स्वयं प्रकृतिके साथ तादात्म्य कर लेता है। तादात्म्य कर लेनेसे यह पुरुष अपनेको प्रकृतिस्थ अर्थात् प्रकृति(शरीर) में स्थित मान लेता है। प्रकृतिस्थ होनेसे शरीरमें मैं और मेरापन हो जाता है। यही गुणोंका सङ्ग है। इस गुणसङ्गसे पुरुष बँध जाता है (गीता 14। 5)। गुणोंके द्वारा बँध जानेसे ही पुरुषकी गुणोंके अनुसार गति होती है (गीता 14। 18)। सम्बन्ध -- उन्नीसवें? बीसवें और इक्कीसवें श्लोकमें प्रकृति और पुरुषका वर्णन हुआ। अब आगेके श्लोकमें पुरुषका विशेषतासे वर्णन करते हैं।
🪷 Place in the Bhagavad-Gītā
- This is verse 22 of 35 in Chapter 13 · Kṣetra-Kṣetrajña-Vibhāga-Yoga (The Yoga of the Field & the Field-Knower)
- Chapter theme: Body as kṣetra · ātmā as kṣetrajña · Krishna as kṣetrajña-in-every-body
- Ṣaṭka grouping: ANTYA-Ṣaṭka (BG 13-18 · the resolution)
- Chapter hub: /kshetra-kshetrajna
🪷 ॐ नमो भगवते वासुदेवाय 🪷
सर्वम् कृष्णार्पणम् — this verse is one maṇi (jewel) on Krishna's thread (BG 7.7)