🪷 Bhagavad-Gītā · 2.11
Chapter 2 · सांख्ययोग · Sāṅkhya-Yoga · "The Yoga of Knowledge" · Verse 11 of 72
🪷 English Translations
Five authentic English voices · each from a distinct sampradāya · together revealing the verse's full śabda-tattva.
Shri Purohit Swami · Poetic English · 1935 · public domain · Cosmo Press tradition
2.11 Lord Shri Krishna said: Why grieve for those for whom no grief is due, and yet profess wisdom? The wise grieve neither for the dead nor the living.
Swami Sivananda · Direct prose · Divine Life Society
2.11 The Blessed Lord said Thou hast grieved for those that should not be grieved for, yet thou speakest words of wisdom. The wise grieve neither for the living nor for the dead.
Swami Gambīrānanda · Word-key glosses · Advaita Ashrama · Śaṅkara-school
2.11 Bhisma, Drona and others are not to be grieved for, because they are of noble character and are eternal in their real nature. With regard to them, asocyan, who are not to be grieved for; tvam, you; anvasocah, grieve, (thinking) 'They die because of me; without them what shall I do with dominion and enjoyment?'; ca, and; bhasase, you speak; prajnavadan, words of wisdom, words used by men of wisdom, of intelligence. The idea is, 'Like one mad, you show in yourself this foolishness and learning which are contradictory.'
Because, panditah, the learned, the knowers of the Self panda means wisdon about the Self; those indeed who have this are panditah, one the authority of the Upanisadic text, '৷৷.the knowers of Brahman, having known all about scholarship,৷৷.' (Br. 3.5.1) ['Therefore the knowers of Brahman, having known all about scholorship, should try to live upon that strength which comes of Knowledge; having known all about this strength as well as scholorship, he becomes meditative; having known all about both meditativeness and its opposite, he becomes a knower of Brahman.'] ; na anusocanti, do not grieve for; gatasun, the departed, whose life has become extinct; agatasun ca, and for those who have not departed, whose life has not left, the living. The ideas is, 'Your are sorrowing for those who are eternal in the real sense, and who are not to be grieved for. Hence your are a fool!.'
Swami Ādidevānanda · Śrī-Vaiṣṇava perspective · Rāmānuja school
2.11 The Lord said You are grieving for those who do not deserve to be grieved for. You also speak words of wisdom about the nature of the body and the self as follows: 'The ancestors fall degraded, deprived of the ritual oblations of food and water' (I. 42). There is no reason for such grief for those who possess the knowledge of the nature of the body and the self. Those who know the exact truth will not grieve for those bodies from which life has departed and for those from whome the principle of life has not departed. They do not grieve for bodies or souls.
Hence, in you this contradiction is visible - your grief at the thought 'I shall slay them?' and at the same time your talk about righteousness and unrighteousness, as if it were the result of knowledge of the self as distinct from the body. Therefore you do not know the nature of the body nor of the self which is distinct from the body and is eternal. Nor do you know of duties like war etc., which (as duty) constitute the means for the attainment of the self, nor of the fact that this war (which forms a duty in the present context), if fought without any selfish desire for results, is a means for the attainment of the knowledge of the true nature of the self.
The implied meaning is this: This self, verily, is not dependent on the body for Its existence, nor is It subjected to destruction on the death of the body, as there is no birth or death for It. Therefore there is no cause for grief. But the body is insentient by nature, is subject to change, and its birth and death are natural; thus it (body) too is not to be grieved for.
First listen about the nature of the self.
Dr. S. Sankaranarayan · Academic precision · modern scholarly
2.11. While lamenting for those who cannot be lamented on and those who do not reire to be lamented on, you do not talk like a wise man ! The learned do not lament for those of departed life and those of non-departed life.
🪷 English Commentaries · The Ācārya Voices
The classical commentary tradition rendered in English · each ācārya speaks from their own sampradāya · the seer chooses the depth of darśana.
Swami Sivananda · Verse-by-verse word-keys with Sanskrit anchors
2.11 अशोच्यान् those who should not be grieved for? अन्वशोचः hast grieved? त्वम् thou? प्रज्ञावादान् words of wisdom? च and? भाषसे speakest? गतासून् the dead? अगतासून् the living? च and? न अनुशोचन्ति grieve not? पण्डिताः the wise.Commentary -- The philosophy of the Gita begins from this verse.Bhishma and Drona deserve no grief because they are eternal in their real nature and they are virtuous men who possess very good conduct. Though you speak words of wisdom? you are unwise because you grieve for those who are really eternal and who deserve no grief. They who are endowed with the knowledge of the Self are wise men. They will not grieve for the living or for the dead because they know well that the Self is immortal and that It is unborn. They also know that there is no such a thing as death? that it is a separation of the astral body from the physical? that death is nothing more than a disintegration of matter and that the five elements of which the body is composed return to their source. Arjuna had forgotten the eternal nature of the Soul and the changing nature of the body. Because of his ignorance? he began to act as if the temporary relations with kinsmen? teachers? etc.? were permanent. He forgot that his relations with this world in his present life were the results of past actions. These? when exhausted? end all relationship and new ones ones crop up when one takes on another body.The result of past actions is known as karm and that portion of the karma which gave rise to the present incarnation is known as prarabdha karma.
Swami Gambīrānanda · Advaita-school commentary (Śaṅkara tradition)
2.11 Bhisma, Drona and others are not to be grieved for, because they are of noble character and are eternal in their real nature. With regard to them, asocyan, who are not to be grieved for; tvam, you; anvasocah, grieve, (thinking) 'They die because of me; without them what shall I do with dominion and enjoyment?'; ca, and; bhasase, you speak; prajnavadan, words of wisdom, words used by men of wisdom, of intelligence. The idea is, 'Like one mad, you show in yourself this foolishness and learning which are contradictory.'
Because, panditah, the learned, the knowers of the Self panda means wisdon about the Self; those indeed who have this are panditah, one the authority of the Upanisadic text, '৷৷.the knowers of Brahman, having known all about scholarship,৷৷.' (Br. 3.5.1) ['Therefore the knowers of Brahman, having known all about scholorship, should try to live upon that strength which comes of Knowledge; having known all about this strength as well as scholorship, he becomes meditative; having known all about both meditativeness and its opposite, he becomes a knower of Brahman.'] ; na anusocanti, do not grieve for; gatasun, the departed, whose life has become extinct; agatasun ca, and for those who have not departed, whose life has not left, the living. The ideas is, 'Your are sorrowing for those who are eternal in the real sense, and who are not to be grieved for. Hence your are a fool!.'
Swami Ādidevānanda · Rāmānuja Śrī-Vaiṣṇava commentary
2.11 The Lord said You are grieving for those who do not deserve to be grieved for. You also speak words of wisdom about the nature of the body and the self as follows: 'The ancestors fall degraded, deprived of the ritual oblations of food and water' (I. 42). There is no reason for such grief for those who possess the knowledge of the nature of the body and the self. Those who know the exact truth will not grieve for those bodies from which life has departed and for those from whome the principle of life has not departed. They do not grieve for bodies or souls.
Hence, in you this contradiction is visible - your grief at the thought 'I shall slay them?' and at the same time your talk about righteousness and unrighteousness, as if it were the result of knowledge of the self as distinct from the body. Therefore you do not know the nature of the body nor of the self which is distinct from the body and is eternal. Nor do you know of duties like war etc., which (as duty) constitute the means for the attainment of the self, nor of the fact that this war (which forms a duty in the present context), if fought without any selfish desire for results, is a means for the attainment of the knowledge of the true nature of the self.
The implied meaning is this: This self, verily, is not dependent on the body for Its existence, nor is It subjected to destruction on the death of the body, as there is no birth or death for It. Therefore there is no cause for grief. But the body is insentient by nature, is subject to change, and its birth and death are natural; thus it (body) too is not to be grieved for.
First listen about the nature of the self.
Dr. S. Sankaranarayan · Modern academic scholarship
2.11 Asocyan etc. You lament for the body that cannot be lamented over, because it is of incessantly perishing nature; and also for the Soul that does not reire to be lamented. No one, either of departed life, i.e., the dead, or of non-departed life, i.e., the living, is to be mourned for. As for instance, the Soul is ever non-perishing. What sort of lamentability can be for It, as It is plessantly travelling in different bodies ? Nor is it right to say that Its lamentability is due only to Its travel in another body. For, in that case, It should be lamented for, even when the stage of youth etc., is attained.
In this manner, the two ideas [the Lord] relates :
Swami Chinmayānanda · Chinmaya Mission · modern Vedantic teaching
।।2.11।। जब हम अर्जुन के विषाद को ठीक से समझने का प्रयत्न करते हैं तब यह पहचानना कठिन नहीं होगा कि यद्यपि उसका तात्कालिक कारण युद्ध की चुनौती है परन्तु वास्तव में मानसिक संताप के यह लक्षण किसी अन्य गम्भीर कारण से हैं। जैसा कि एक श्रेष्ठ चिकित्सक रोग के लक्षणों का ही उपचार न करके उस रोग के मूल कारण को दूर करने का प्रयत्न करता है उसी प्रकार यहाँ भी भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण अर्जुन के शोक मोह के मूल कारण (आत्मअज्ञान) को ही दूर करने का प्रयत्न करते हैं।शुद्ध आत्मस्वरूप के अज्ञान के कारण अहंकार उत्पन्न होता है। यह अज्ञान न केवल दिव्य स्वरूप को आच्छादित करता है वरन् उसके उस सत्य पर भ्रान्ति भी उत्पन्न कर देता है। अर्जुन की यह अहंकार बुद्धिया जीव बुद्धि कि वह शरीर मन और बुद्धि की उपाधियों से परिच्छिन्न या सीमित है वास्तव में मोह का कारण है जिससे स्वजनों के साथ स्नेहासक्ति होने से उनके प्रति मन में यह विषाद और करुणा का भाव उत्पन्न हो रहा है। वह अपने को असमर्थ और असहाय अनुभव करता है। मोहग्रस्त व्यक्ति को आसक्ति का मूल्य दुख और शोक के रूप में चुकाना पड़ता है। इन शरीरादि उपाधियों के साथ मिथ्या तादात्म्य के कारण हमें दुख प्राप्त होते रहते हैं। हमें अपने शुद्ध आत्मस्वरूप का ज्ञान होने से उनका अन्त हो जाता है।नित्य चैतन्यस्वरूप आत्मा स्थूल शरीर के साथ मिथ्या तादात्म्य के कारण अनेक वस्तुओं और व्यक्तियों के सम्बन्ध में अपने को बन्धन में अनुभव करती है। वही आत्मतत्त्व मन के साथ अनेक भावनाओं का अनुभव करता है मानो वह भावना जगत् उसी का है। फिर यही चैतन्य बुद्धिउपाधि से युक्त होकर आशा और इच्छा करता है महत्वाकांक्षा और आदर्श रखता है जिनके कारण उसे दुखी भी होना पड़ता है। इच्छा महत्वाकांक्षा आदि बुद्धि के ही धर्म हैं।इस प्रकार इन्द्रिय मन और बुद्धि से युक्त शुद्ध आत्मा जीवभाव को प्राप्त करके बाह्य विषयों भावनाओं और विचारों का दास और शिकार बन जाती है। जीवन के असंख्य दुख और क्षणिक सुख इस जीवभाव के कारण ही हैं। अर्जुन इसी जीवभाव के कारण पीड़ा का अनुभव कर रहा था। श्रीकृष्ण जानते थे कि शोकरूप भ्रांति या विक्षेप का मूल कारण आत्मस्वरूप का अज्ञान आवरण है और इसलिये अर्जुन के विषाद को जड़ से हटाने के लिये वे उसको उपनिषदों में प्रतिपादित आत्मज्ञान का उपदेश करते हैं।मनोवैज्ञानिक और आध्यात्मिक विधि के द्वारा मन को पुन शिक्षित करने का ज्ञान भारत ने हजारों वर्ष पूर्व विश्व को दिया था। यहाँ श्रीकृष्ण का गीतोपदेश के द्वारा यही प्रयत्न है। आत्मज्ञान की पारम्परिक उपदेश विधि के अनुसार जगद्गुरु भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण सीधे ही आत्मतत्त्व का उपदेश करते हैं।भीष्म और द्रोण के अन्तकरण शुद्ध होने के कारण उनमें चैतन्य प्रकाश स्पष्ट दिखाई पड़ रहा था। वे दोनों ही महापुरुष अतुलनीय थे। इस युद्ध में मृत्यु हो जाने पर उनको अधोगति प्राप्त होगी यह विचार केवल एक अपरिपक्व बुद्धि वाला ही कर सकता है। इस श्लोक के द्वारा भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण अर्जुन का ध्यान जीव के उच्च स्वरूप की ओर आकर्षित करते हैं।हमारे व्यक्तित्व के अनेक पक्ष हैं और उनमें से प्रत्येक के साथ तादात्म्य कर उसी दृष्टिकोण से हम जीवन का अवलोकन करते हैं। शरीर के द्वारा हम बाह्य अथवा भौतिक जगत् को देखते हैं जो मन के द्वारा अनुभव किये भावनात्मक जगत् से भिन्न होता है और उसी प्रकार बुद्धि के साथ विचारात्मक जगत् का अनुभव हमें होता है।भौतिक दृष्टि से जिसे मैं केवल एक स्त्री समझता हूँ उसी को मन के द्वारा अपनी माँ के रूप में देखता हूँ। यदि बुद्धि से केवल वैज्ञानिक परीक्षण करें तो उसका शरीर जीव द्रव्य और केन्द्रक वाली अनेक कोशिकाओं आदि से बना हुआ एक पिण्ड विशेष ही है। भौतिक वस्तु के दोष अथवा अपूर्णता के कारण होने वाले दुखों को दूर किया जा सकता है यदि मेरी भावना उसके प्रति परिवर्तित हो जाये। इसी प्रकार भौतिक और भावनात्मक दृष्टि से जो वस्तु कुरूप और लज्जाजनक है उसी को यदि बुद्धि द्वारा तात्त्विक दृष्टि से देखें तो हमारे दृष्टिकोण में अन्तर आने से हमारा दुख दूर हो सकता है।इसी तथ्य को और आगे बढ़ाने पर ज्ञात होगा कि यदि मैं जीवन को आध्यात्मिक दृष्टि से देख सकूँ तो शारीरिक मानसिक और बौद्धिक दृष्टिकोणों के कारण उत्पन्न विषाद को आनन्द और प्रेरणादायक स्फूर्ति में परिवर्तित किया जा सकता है। यहाँ भगवान् अर्जुन को यही शिक्षा देते हैं कि वह अपनी अज्ञान की दृष्टि का त्याग करके गुरुजन स्वजन युद्धभूमि इत्यादि को आध्यात्मिक दृष्टि से देखने और समझने का प्रयत्न करे।इस महान् पारमार्थिक सत्य का उपदेश यहाँ इतने अनपेक्षित ढंग से अचानक किया गया है कि अर्जुन की बुद्धि को एक आघातसा लगा। आगे के श्लोक पढ़ने पर हम समझेंगे कि भगवान् ने जो यह आघात अर्जुन की बुद्धि में पहुँचाया उसका कितना लाभकारी प्रभाव अर्जुन के मन पर पड़ा।इनके लिये शोक करना उचित क्यों नहीं है क्योंकि वे नित्य हैं। कैसे भगवान् कहते हैं
🪷 Place in the Bhagavad-Gītā
- This is verse 11 of 72 in Chapter 2 · Sāṅkhya-Yoga (The Yoga of Knowledge)
- Chapter theme: Krishna's first teaching · the niṣkāma-karma sūtra · BG 2.47
- Ṣaṭka grouping: TVAM-Ṣaṭka (BG 1-6 · the jīva)
- Chapter hub: /sankhya-yoga
🪷 ॐ नमो भगवते वासुदेवाय 🪷
सर्वम् कृष्णार्पणम् — this verse is one maṇi (jewel) on Krishna's thread (BG 7.7)