🪷 Bhagavad-Gītā · 18.32

Chapter 18 · मोक्षसंन्यासयोग · Mokṣa-Sannyāsa-Yoga · "The Yoga of Liberation & Renunciation" · Verse 32 of 78

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अधर्मं धर्ममिति या मन्यते तमसाऽऽवृता।सर्वार्थान्विपरीतांश्च बुद्धिः सा पार्थ तामसी।।18.32।।
— Bhagavad-Gītā 18.32 · the yathārtha śloka (Devanāgarī Sanskrit · canonical)

🪷 English Translations

Five authentic English voices · each from a distinct sampradāya · together revealing the verse's full śabda-tattva.

Shri Purohit Swami · Poetic English · 1935 · public domain · Cosmo Press tradition
18.32 And that which, shrouded in Ignorance, thinks wrong right, and sees everything perversely, O Arjuna, that intellect is ruled by Darkness.
Swami Sivananda · Direct prose · Divine Life Society
18.32 That, which, enveloped in darkness, sees Adharma as Dharma and all things perverted that intellect, O Arjuna, is Tamasic (dark).
Swami Gambīrānanda · Word-key glosses · Advaita Ashrama · Śaṅkara-school
18.32 O Partha, sa, that; buddhih, intellect; tamasi, is born of tamas; ya, which; tamasavrta, being covered by darkness; manyate, considers, understands; adharmam, vice, what is prohibited; iti, as; dharmam, virtue, what is prescribed; and ca, verily; perceives sarvarthan, all things, all objects of knowledge without exception; viparitan, contrary to what they are.
Swami Ādidevānanda · Śrī-Vaiṣṇava perspective · Rāmānuja school
18.32 That Buddhi is of the nature of Tamas which is 'enveloped in Tamas' and 'reverses every value.' The meaning is that it regards Adharma as Dharma and Dharma as Adharma, existent as non-existent, and non-existent as existent, and higher truth as the lower and the lower truth as the higher, and thus reverses every value.
Dr. S. Sankaranarayan · Academic precision · modern scholarly
18.32. The intellect which, containing darkness (ignorance), conceives the unrighteous one as righteous and all things topsy-turvy-that intellect is deemed to be of the Tamas (Strand).

🪷 English Commentaries · The Ācārya Voices

The classical commentary tradition rendered in English · each ācārya speaks from their own sampradāya · the seer chooses the depth of darśana.

Swami Sivananda · Verse-by-verse word-keys with Sanskrit anchors
18.32 अधर्मम् Adharma? धर्मम् Dharma? इति thus? या which? मन्यते thinks? तमसा by darkness? आवृता enveloped? सर्वार्थान् all things? विपरीतान् perverted? च and? बुद्धिः intellect? सा that? पार्थ O Partha? तामसी Tamasic (dark).Commentary That intellect which regards righteous acts as evil? and considers right things to be false? which treats everything in a contrary sense and looks upon virtues as if they were vices and takes everything that the scriptures declare to be good as being entirely wrong? is Tamasic. It views all things in a perverted light.Thus? O Arjuna? I have explained to thee the three aspects of the intellect. Now listen to the explanation of the characteristics of the three aspects of firmness.
Swami Gambīrānanda · Advaita-school commentary (Śaṅkara tradition)
18.32 O Partha, sa, that; buddhih, intellect; tamasi, is born of tamas; ya, which; tamasavrta, being covered by darkness; manyate, considers, understands; adharmam, vice, what is prohibited; iti, as; dharmam, virtue, what is prescribed; and ca, verily; perceives sarvarthan, all things, all objects of knowledge without exception; viparitan, contrary to what they are.
Swami Ādidevānanda · Rāmānuja Śrī-Vaiṣṇava commentary
18.32 That Buddhi is of the nature of Tamas which is 'enveloped in Tamas' and 'reverses every value.' The meaning is that it regards Adharma as Dharma and Dharma as Adharma, existent as non-existent, and non-existent as existent, and higher truth as the lower and the lower truth as the higher, and thus reverses every value.
Dr. S. Sankaranarayan · Modern academic scholarship
18.30-32 Pravrttim etc. upto Tamasi mata. Incorrectly ; not properly.
Swami Chinmayānanda · Chinmaya Mission · modern Vedantic teaching
।।18.32।। सात्त्विक बुद्धि का पदार्थ ज्ञान यथार्थ होता है? तो राजसी बुद्धि का सन्देहात्मक किन्तु तामसी बुद्धि तो वस्तु को उसके मूलस्वरूप से सर्वथा विपरीत रूप में जानती है। धर्म को अधर्म और अधर्म को धर्म मानना इस बुद्धि का कार्य है। वस्तुत तामसी बुद्धि कोई बुद्धि ही नहीं कही जा सकती। वह तो विपरीत ज्ञानों की एक गठरी ही है। विपरीत निष्कर्षों पर पहुँचने की इसकी क्षमता अद्भुत है इसका कारण है? अज्ञानावरण का अन्धकार और अहंकार का अंधोन्माद।अगले श्लोक में त्रिविध धृति का वर्णन करते हैं हे पार्थ योग के द्वारा जिस अव्याभिचारिणी धृति (धारणा) से मनुष्य मन? प्राण और इन्द्रियों की क्रियाओं को धारण करता है? वह धृति,

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सर्वम् कृष्णार्पणम् — this verse is one maṇi (jewel) on Krishna's thread (BG 7.7)