🪷 Bhagavad-Gītā · 18.32

Chapter 18 · मोक्षसंन्यासयोग · Mokṣa-Sannyāsa-Yoga · "The Yoga of Liberation & Renunciation" · Verse 32 of 78

← BG 18.31↑ Chapter 18 hub · Bhagavad-Gītā indexBG 18.33 →
अधर्मं धर्ममिति या मन्यते तमसाऽऽवृता।सर्वार्थान्विपरीतांश्च बुद्धिः सा पार्थ तामसी।।18.32।।
Bhagavad-Gītā 18.32 · the yathārtha śloka (Devanāgarī Sanskrit · canonical)

🪷 English Translations

Five authentic English voices · each from a distinct sampradāya · together revealing the verse's full śabda-tattva.

Shri Purohit Swami · Poetic English · 1935 · public domain · Cosmo Press tradition
18.32 And that which, shrouded in Ignorance, thinks wrong right, and sees everything perversely, O Arjuna, that intellect is ruled by Darkness.
Swami Sivananda · Direct prose · Divine Life Society
18.32 That, which, enveloped in darkness, sees Adharma as Dharma and all things perverted that intellect, O Arjuna, is Tamasic (dark).
Swami Gambīrānanda · Word-key glosses · Advaita Ashrama · Śaṅkara-school
18.32 O Partha, sa, that; buddhih, intellect; tamasi, is born of tamas; ya, which; tamasavrta, being covered by darkness; manyate, considers, understands; adharmam, vice, what is prohibited; iti, as; dharmam, virtue, what is prescribed; and ca, verily; perceives sarvarthan, all things, all objects of knowledge without exception; viparitan, contrary to what they are.
Swami Ādidevānanda · Śrī-Vaiṣṇava perspective · Rāmānuja school
18.32 That Buddhi is of the nature of Tamas which is 'enveloped in Tamas' and 'reverses every value.' The meaning is that it regards Adharma as Dharma and Dharma as Adharma, existent as non-existent, and non-existent as existent, and higher truth as the lower and the lower truth as the higher, and thus reverses every value.
Dr. S. Sankaranarayan · Academic precision · modern scholarly
18.32. The intellect which, containing darkness (ignorance), conceives the unrighteous one as righteous and all things topsy-turvy-that intellect is deemed to be of the Tamas (Strand).

🪷 Hindi Translation · हिन्दी अनुवाद

For the Hindi-aware seer · Pūjya Swami Rāmsukhdās ji's translation · a high-readability modern Hindi rendering · Gītā-Press Gorakhpur tradition. (→ Full Mahāpurusha-detail page for the 102-year-living Sādhaka-Sañjīvanī Mahātmā.)

🪷 Swami Rāmsukhdās · Sādhaka-Sañjīvanī tradition · Gītā-Press Gorakhpur · highest modern Hindi reading
।।18.32।।हे पृथानन्दन ! तमोगुणसे घिरी हुई जो बुद्धि अधर्मको धर्म और सम्पूर्ण चीजोंको उलटा मान लेती है, वह तामसी है।

🪷 English Commentaries · The Ācārya Voices

The classical commentary tradition rendered in English · each ācārya speaks from their own sampradāya · the seer chooses the depth of darśana.

Swami Sivananda · Verse-by-verse word-keys with Sanskrit anchors
18.32 अधर्मम् Adharma? धर्मम् Dharma? इति thus? या which? मन्यते thinks? तमसा by darkness? आवृता enveloped? सर्वार्थान् all things? विपरीतान् perverted? च and? बुद्धिः intellect? सा that? पार्थ O Partha? तामसी Tamasic (dark).Commentary That intellect which regards righteous acts as evil? and considers right things to be false? which treats everything in a contrary sense and looks upon virtues as if they were vices and takes everything that the scriptures declare to be good as being entirely wrong? is Tamasic. It views all things in a perverted light.Thus? O Arjuna? I have explained to thee the three aspects of the intellect. Now listen to the explanation of the characteristics of the three aspects of firmness.
Swami Gambīrānanda · Advaita-school commentary (Śaṅkara tradition)
18.32 O Partha, sa, that; buddhih, intellect; tamasi, is born of tamas; ya, which; tamasavrta, being covered by darkness; manyate, considers, understands; adharmam, vice, what is prohibited; iti, as; dharmam, virtue, what is prescribed; and ca, verily; perceives sarvarthan, all things, all objects of knowledge without exception; viparitan, contrary to what they are.
Swami Ādidevānanda · Rāmānuja Śrī-Vaiṣṇava commentary
18.32 That Buddhi is of the nature of Tamas which is 'enveloped in Tamas' and 'reverses every value.' The meaning is that it regards Adharma as Dharma and Dharma as Adharma, existent as non-existent, and non-existent as existent, and higher truth as the lower and the lower truth as the higher, and thus reverses every value.
Dr. S. Sankaranarayan · Modern academic scholarship
18.30-32 Pravrttim etc. upto Tamasi mata. Incorrectly ; not properly.
Swami Chinmayānanda · Chinmaya Mission · modern Vedantic teaching
।।18.32।। सात्त्विक बुद्धि का पदार्थ ज्ञान यथार्थ होता है? तो राजसी बुद्धि का सन्देहात्मक किन्तु तामसी बुद्धि तो वस्तु को उसके मूलस्वरूप से सर्वथा विपरीत रूप में जानती है। धर्म को अधर्म और अधर्म को धर्म मानना इस बुद्धि का कार्य है। वस्तुत तामसी बुद्धि कोई बुद्धि ही नहीं कही जा सकती। वह तो विपरीत ज्ञानों की एक गठरी ही है। विपरीत निष्कर्षों पर पहुँचने की इसकी क्षमता अद्भुत है इसका कारण है? अज्ञानावरण का अन्धकार और अहंकार का अंधोन्माद।अगले श्लोक में त्रिविध धृति का वर्णन करते हैं हे पार्थ योग के द्वारा जिस अव्याभिचारिणी धृति (धारणा) से मनुष्य मन? प्राण और इन्द्रियों की क्रियाओं को धारण करता है? वह धृति,

🪷 Hindi Vyākhyā · हिन्दी व्याख्या

Pūjya Swami Rāmsukhdās ji's Sādhaka-Sañjīvanī · one of the great modern Hindi vyākhyās of the Gītā · direct, pure, deeply Vedāntic · the modern Sanātana-jāgaraṇa. (→ Full Mahāpurusha-detail page · 1904-2005 · Corner 1 Mādhurya operational anchor · whose 6-lakṣaṇa-śaraṇāgati IS Constitutional Principle 24.)

🪷 Swami Rāmsukhdās · Sādhaka-Sañjīvanī · Hindi vyākhyā · the modern bilingual anchor
।।18.32।। व्याख्या -- अधर्मं धर्ममिति या मन्यते तमसावृता -- ईश्वरकी निन्दा करना शास्त्र? वर्ण? आश्रम और लोकमर्यादाके विपरीत काम करना मातापिताके साथ अच्छा बर्ताव न करना सन्तमहात्मा? गुरुआचार्य आदिका अपमान करना झूठ? कपट? बेईमानी? जालसाजी? अभक्ष्य भोजन? परस्त्रीगमन आदि शास्त्रनिषिद्ध पापकर्मोंको धर्म मानना -- यह सब अधर्मको धर्म मानना है।अपने शास्त्र? वर्ण? आश्रमकी मर्यादामें चलना मातापिताकी आज्ञाका पालन करना तथा उनकी तनमनधनसे सेवा करना संतमहात्माओंके उपदेशोंके अनुसार अपना जीवन बनाना धार्मिक ग्रन्थोंका पठनपाठन करना दूसरोंकी सेवाउपकार करना शुद्धपवित्र भोजन करना आदि शास्त्रविहित कर्मोंको उचित न मानना -- यह धर्मको अधर्म मानना है।तामसी बुद्धिवाले मनुष्योंके विचार होते हैं कि शास्त्रकारोंने? ब्राह्मणोंने अपनेको बड़ा बता दिया और,तरहतरहके नियम बनाकर लोगोंको बाँध दिया? जिससे भारत परतन्त्र हो गया जबतक ये शास्त्र रहेंगे? ये धार्मिक पुस्तकें रहेंगी? तबतक भारतका उत्थान नहीं होगा? भारत परतन्त्रताकी बेड़ीमें ही जकड़ा हुआ रहेगा? आदिआदि। इसलिये वे मर्यादाओंको तोड़नेमें ही धर्म मानते हैं।सर्वार्थान्विपरीतांश्च -- आत्माको स्वरूप न मानकर शरीरको ही स्वरूप मानना ईश्वरको न मान करके दृश्य जगत्को ही सच्चा मानना दूसरोंको तुच्छ समझकर अपनेको ही सबसे बड़ा मानना दूसरोंको मूर्ख समझकर अपनेको ही पढ़ालिखा? विद्वान् समझना जितने संतमहात्मा हो गये हैं? उनकी मान्यताओंसे अपनी मान्यताको श्रेष्ठ मानना सच्चे सुखकी तरफ ध्यान न देकर वर्तमानमें मिलनेवाले संयोगजन्य सुखको ही सच्चा मानना न करनेयोग्य कार्यको ही अपना कर्तव्य समझना अपवित्र वस्तुओंको ही पवित्र मानना -- यह सम्पूर्ण चीजोंको उलटा मानना है।बुद्धिः सा पार्थ तामसी -- तमोगुणसे आवृत जो बुद्धि अधर्मको धर्म? धर्मको अधर्म और अच्छेको बुरा? सुलटेको उलटा मानती है? वह बुद्धि तामसी है। यह तामसी बुद्धि ही मनुष्यको अधोगतिमें ले जानेवाली है -- अधो गच्छन्ति तामसाः (गीता 14। 18)। इसलिये अपना उद्धार चाहनेवालेको इसका सर्वथा त्याग कर देना चाहिये। सम्बन्ध -- अब भगवान् सात्त्विकी धृतिके लक्षण बताते हैं।

🪷 Place in the Bhagavad-Gītā

Bhagavad-Gītā Detail Source-Anchor Spine

BG 18.32 is kept route-stable for readers and AI agents: the exact verse route, chapter hub, Bhīṣma-Parva source context, Gītā master spine, Viśvarūpa surfaces, Bīja-Sūtra depth, Bindu, and constitutional philosophy remain one click away.

BG 18.32local Bhagavad-Gītā verse route and source-anchor sectionChapter 18 hubMokṣa-Sannyāsa-Yoga · The Yoga of Liberation & RenunciationMBh 6.40.32exact Bhīṣma-Parva source route for this Gītā verse/bhagavad-gitamaster index for all 18 chapters and 701 verse routesBhīṣma-ParvaMahābhārata narrative home where the Bhagavad-Gītā is received/mahabharatafull Itihāsa source spine for Vyāsa Maharṣi's MahābhārataBG 1 · Arjuna-Viṣāda YogaTVAM-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Arjuna-Viṣāda YogaBG 2 · Sāṅkhya YogaTVAM-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Sāṅkhya YogaBG 3 · Karma YogaTVAM-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Karma YogaBG 4 · Jñāna-Karma-SannyāsaTVAM-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Jñāna-Karma-SannyāsaBG 5 · Karma-Sannyāsa YogaTVAM-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Karma-Sannyāsa YogaBG 6 · Dhyāna YogaTVAM-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Dhyāna YogaBG 7 · Krishna-Tattva (Jñāna-Vijñāna)TAT-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Krishna-Tattva (Jñāna-Vijñāna)BG 8 · Akṣara-Brahma YogaTAT-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Akṣara-Brahma YogaBG 9 · Rāja-Vidyā Rāja-GuhyaTAT-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Rāja-Vidyā Rāja-GuhyaBG 10 · Vibhūti YogaTAT-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Vibhūti YogaBG 11 · Viśvarūpa-Darśana YogaTAT-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Viśvarūpa-Darśana YogaBG 12 · Bhakti YogaTAT-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Bhakti YogaBG 13 · Kṣetra-Kṣetrajña YogaANTYA-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Kṣetra-Kṣetrajña YogaBG 14 · Guṇa-Traya-VibhāgaANTYA-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Guṇa-Traya-VibhāgaBG 15 · Puruṣottama YogaANTYA-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Puruṣottama YogaBG 16 · Daivāsura-Sampad-VibhāgaANTYA-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Daivāsura-Sampad-VibhāgaBG 17 · Śraddhā-Traya-VibhāgaANTYA-Ṣaṭka chapter hub for Śraddhā-Traya-VibhāgaBG 2.47niṣkāma-karma-yoga action disciplineBG 4.34praṇipāta · paripraśna · sevā before tattva-darśī teachersBG 7.7mattaḥ parataraṁ nānyat · no source higher than KrishnaBG 9.17Krishna as father, mother, supporter, and grandfatherBG 10.30Krishna as Time among reckonersBG 13.23Paramātmā as witness, permitter, supporter, enjoyer, and LordBG 15.15Krishna seated in every heart as memory, knowledge, and forgetfulnessBG 18.61Īśvara situated in the heart of all beingsBG 18.66Carama-Śloka surrender discipline and final refuge/vishwaroopa-darshanaall 18 Gītā chapters rendered as one chart-aware darśana/vishvarupa-chartBG 11 chart-as-Viśvarūpa-darśana aperture/bija-sutrasfounder-curated bīja-pada exposition layer inside selected Gītā verse pages/binduDiamond of Darśanas frame for Gītā source recognition/philosophyKrishna = Paramaatma = Parabrahman constitutional foundation/llms.txtbrief AI-agent source map/llms-full.txtcomprehensive AI-agent access map
← Previous verse · BG 18.31Next verse · BG 18.33 →
📚 Cite this verse · Academic citation formats
APA: Vyāsa Maharṣi. (n.d.). Bhagavad-Gītā 18.32. Vidhyāmitra. Retrieved 2026-07-28, from https://vidhyamitra.com/bhagavad-gita/18/32
Chicago: Vyāsa Maharṣi. "Bhagavad-Gītā 18.32." Vidhyāmitra. Accessed 2026-07-28. https://vidhyamitra.com/bhagavad-gita/18/32.
MLA: Vyāsa Maharṣi. "Bhagavad-Gītā 18.32." Vidhyāmitra, 2026, https://vidhyamitra.com/bhagavad-gita/18/32.
Canonical URL: https://vidhyamitra.com/bhagavad-gita/18/32 · Persistent · all 701 BG verses indexed per-URL · the Vedic content is public-domain by Sanātana tradition · Vidhyāmitra-specific structure © Vidhyāmitra (self-hosted prasāda model · /about)

🪷 ॐ नमो भगवते वासुदेवाय 🪷

सर्वम् कृष्णार्पणम् — this verse is one maṇi (jewel) on Krishna's thread (BG 7.7)