🪷 Bhagavad-Gītā · 4.33
Chapter 4 · ज्ञानकर्मसंन्यासयोग · Jñāna-Karma-Sannyāsa-Yoga · "The Yoga of Knowledge & Action-Renunciation" · Verse 33 of 42
🪷 English Translations
Five authentic English voices · each from a distinct sampradāya · together revealing the verse's full śabda-tattva.
Shri Purohit Swami · Poetic English · 1935 · public domain · Cosmo Press tradition
4.33 The sacrifice of wisdom is superior to any material sacrifice, for, O Arjuna, the climax of action is always Realisation.
Swami Sivananda · Direct prose · Divine Life Society
4.33 Superior is wisdom-sacrifice to the sacrifice with objects, O Parantapa (scorcher of the foes). All actions in their entirely, O Arjuna, culminate in knowledge.
Swami Gambīrānanda · Word-key glosses · Advaita Ashrama · Śaṅkara-school
4.33 O destroyer of enemies, jnana-yajnah, Knowledge considered as a sacrifice; is sreyan, greater; dravyamayat yajnat, than sacrifices reiring materials [Including study of the Vedas, etc. also.] For, a sacrifice performed with materials is an originator of results, [Worldly prosperity, attaining heaven, etc.], but Knowledge considered as a sacrifice is not productive of results. [It only reveals the state of Liberation that is an achieved fact. (According to Advaitism, Liberation consists in the removal of ignorance by Illumination. Nothing new is produced thery.-Tr.)]. Hence it is greater, more praiseworthy.
How?
Because, sarvam, all; karma-akhilam, actions in their totality, without exception; O son of Prtha, parisamapyate, culminate, get merged (attain their consummation); jnane, in Knowledge, which is a means to Liberation and is comparable to 'a flood all around' (cf.2.46). This is the idea, which accords with the Upanisadic text, 'As when the (face of a die) bearing the number 4, called Krta, wins, the other inferior (numbers on the die-faces) get included in it, so whatever good actions are performed by beings, all that gets merged in this one (Raikva). (So it happens) to anyone who knows what he (Raikva) knew' (Ch. 4.1.4).
In that case, by what means is this highly estimable Knowledge acired? The answer is being given:
Swami Ādidevānanda · Śrī-Vaiṣṇava perspective · Rāmānuja school
4.33 Karma Yoga has two aspects - knowledge and material ingredients. Of these two, the component of knowledge is superior to the component of material ingredients. Knowledge is the culmination of all actions and of everything else, accessories and other things helpful. This knowledge alone, which is to be obtained by all means, is practised as comprehended in Karma Yoga. And this knowledge being regularly practised, reaches gradually what is ultimately attainable i.e., the vision of the self.
Dr. S. Sankaranarayan · Academic precision · modern scholarly
4.33. The sacrifice by knowledge is superior to the sacrifice by material. O son of Prtha, scorcher of foes ! All actions, leaving no bit, meet their total end in knowledge.
🪷 Hindi Translation · हिन्दी अनुवाद
For the Hindi-aware seer · Pūjya Swami Rāmsukhdās ji's translation · the highest-readability modern Hindi rendering · Gītā-Press Gorakhpur tradition.
🪷 Swami Rāmsukhdās · Sādhaka-Sañjīvanī tradition · Gītā-Press Gorakhpur · highest modern Hindi reading
।।4.33।। हे परन्तप अर्जुन ! द्रव्यमय यज्ञसे ज्ञानयज्ञ श्रेष्ठ है। सम्पूर्ण कर्म और पदार्थ ज्ञान-(तत्त्वज्ञान-) में समाप्त हो जाते हैं।
🪷 English Commentaries · The Ācārya Voices
The classical commentary tradition rendered in English · each ācārya speaks from their own sampradāya · the seer chooses the depth of darśana.
Swami Sivananda · Verse-by-verse word-keys with Sanskrit anchors
4.33 श्रेयान् superior? द्रव्यमयात् with objects? यज्ञात् than sacrifice? ज्ञानयज्ञः knowledgesacrifice? परन्तप O Parantapa? सर्वम् all? कर्म action? अखिलम् in its entirely? पार्थ O Partha? ज्ञाने in knowledge? परिसमाप्यते is culminated.Commentary Sacrifices with material objects cause material effects and bring the sacrificer to this world for the enjoyment of the fruits? while wisdomsacrifice leads to Moksha. Therefore wisdomsacrifice is superior to the sacrifice performed with material objects. Just as rivers join the ocean? so do all actions join knowledge? i.e.? they culminate in knowledge. All actions purify the heart and lead to the dawn of knowledge of the Self.All actions that are performed as offerings unto the Lord with their fruits are contained in the knowledge of Brahman. (Cf.IX.15X.25XVIII.70)
Swami Gambīrānanda · Advaita-school commentary (Śaṅkara tradition)
4.33 O destroyer of enemies, jnana-yajnah, Knowledge considered as a sacrifice; is sreyan, greater; dravyamayat yajnat, than sacrifices reiring materials [Including study of the Vedas, etc. also.] For, a sacrifice performed with materials is an originator of results, [Worldly prosperity, attaining heaven, etc.], but Knowledge considered as a sacrifice is not productive of results. [It only reveals the state of Liberation that is an achieved fact. (According to Advaitism, Liberation consists in the removal of ignorance by Illumination. Nothing new is produced thery.-Tr.)]. Hence it is greater, more praiseworthy.
How?
Because, sarvam, all; karma-akhilam, actions in their totality, without exception; O son of Prtha, parisamapyate, culminate, get merged (attain their consummation); jnane, in Knowledge, which is a means to Liberation and is comparable to 'a flood all around' (cf.2.46). This is the idea, which accords with the Upanisadic text, 'As when the (face of a die) bearing the number 4, called Krta, wins, the other inferior (numbers on the die-faces) get included in it, so whatever good actions are performed by beings, all that gets merged in this one (Raikva). (So it happens) to anyone who knows what he (Raikva) knew' (Ch. 4.1.4).
In that case, by what means is this highly estimable Knowledge acired? The answer is being given:
Swami Ādidevānanda · Rāmānuja Śrī-Vaiṣṇava commentary
4.33 Karma Yoga has two aspects - knowledge and material ingredients. Of these two, the component of knowledge is superior to the component of material ingredients. Knowledge is the culmination of all actions and of everything else, accessories and other things helpful. This knowledge alone, which is to be obtained by all means, is practised as comprehended in Karma Yoga. And this knowledge being regularly practised, reaches gradually what is ultimately attainable i.e., the vision of the self.
Dr. S. Sankaranarayan · Modern academic scholarship
4.33 Sreyan etc. The sacrifice, illuminated by knowledge, is much more superior to the sacrifice consisting of materials exclusively. The exclusive nature [of it] is indicated by the suffix mayat [in dravyamaya]. For, all actions attain their finality in knowledge.
Swami Chinmayānanda · Chinmaya Mission · modern Vedantic teaching
।।4.33।। भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण कहते हैं कि आत्मोन्नति के लिए अनेक द्रव्य पदार्थों के उपयोग से सिद्ध होने वाले यज्ञों की अपेक्षा ज्ञानयज्ञ ही श्रेष्ठ है। दूसरी पंक्ति में भगवान् उसके श्रेष्ठत्व का कारण भी बताते हैं। कर्मकाण्ड में उपादिष्ट द्रव्यमय यज्ञ ऐसे फलों को उत्पन्न करते हैं जिनके उपभोग के लिए कर्तृत्वाभिमानी जीव को अनेक प्रकार के देह धारण करने पड़ते हैं जिनमें और भी नएनए कर्म किये जाते रहते हैं। कर्म से ही कर्म की समाप्ति नहीं होती। अत कर्म की पूर्णता स्वयं में ही कभी नहीं हो सकती।इसके विपरीत ज्ञान के प्रकाश में अज्ञान जनित अहंकार नष्ट हो जाता है। अज्ञान से कामना और कामना से कर्म उत्पन्न होते हैं। इसलिए ज्ञान के द्वारा कर्म के मूल स्रोत अज्ञान के ही नष्ट हो जाने पर कर्म स्वत समाप्त हो जाते हैं। सम्पूर्ण कर्मों की परिसमाप्ति ज्ञान में होती है।यदि केवल ज्ञान से ही पूर्णत्व की प्राप्ति होती हो तो उस ज्ञान को हम कैसे प्राप्त कर सकते हैं जिससे कि सब कर्मों का क्षय तत्काल हो जाये इसका उत्तर है
🪷 Hindi Vyākhyā · हिन्दी व्याख्या
Pūjya Swami Rāmsukhdās ji's Sādhaka-Sañjīvanī · one of the greatest modern Hindi vyākhyās of the Gītā · direct, pure, deeply Vedāntic · the modern Sanātana-jāgaraṇa.
🪷 Swami Rāmsukhdās · Sādhaka-Sañjīvanī · Hindi vyākhyā · the modern bilingual anchor
4.33।। व्याख्या--'श्रेयान्द्रव्यमयाद्यज्ञाज्ज्ञानयज्ञः परंतप'--जिन यज्ञोंमें द्रव्यों (पदार्थों) तथा कर्मोंकी आवश्यकता होती है, वे सब यज्ञ 'द्रव्यमय' होते हैं। 'द्रव्य' शब्दके साथ 'मय' प्रत्यय प्रचुरताके अर्थमें है। जैसे मिट्टीकी प्रधानतावाला पात्र 'मृन्मय' कहलाता है, ऐसे ही द्रव्यकी प्रधानतावाला यज्ञ 'द्रव्यमय' कहलाता है। ऐसे द्रव्यमय यज्ञसे ज्ञानयज्ञ श्रेष्ठ है; क्योंकि ज्ञानयज्ञमें द्रव्य और कर्मकी आवश्यकता नहीं होती।
सभी यज्ञोंको भगवान्ने कर्मजन्य कहा है (4। 32)। यहाँ भगवान् कहते हैं कि सम्पूर्ण कर्म ज्ञानयज्ञमें परिसमाप्त हो जाते हैं अर्थात् ज्ञानयज्ञ कर्मजन्य नहीं, है प्रत्युत विवेक-विचारजन्य है। अतः यहाँ जिस ज्ञानयज्ञकी बात आयी है, वह पूर्ववर्णित बारह यज्ञोंके अन्तर्गत आये ज्ञानयज्ञ (4। 28) का वाचक नहीं है, प्रत्युत आगेके (चौंतीसवें) श्लोकमें वर्णित ज्ञान प्राप्त करनेकी प्रचलित प्रक्रियाका वाचक है। पूर्ववर्णित बारह यज्ञोंका वाचक यहाँ 'द्रव्यमय यज्ञ' है। द्रव्यमय यज्ञ समाप्त करके ही ज्ञानयज्ञ किया जाता है।अगर सूक्ष्मदृष्टिसे देखा जाय तो ज्ञानयज्ञ भी क्रियाजन्य ही है, परन्तु इसमें विवेक-विचारकी प्रधानता रहती है।'सर्वं कर्माखिलं पार्थ ज्ञाने परिसमाप्यते'-- 'सर्वम्' और 'अखिलम्'-- दोनों शब्द पर्यायवाची हैं और उनका अर्थ सम्पूर्ण होता है। इसलिये यहाँ 'सर्वम् कर्म' का अर्थ सम्पूर्ण कर्म (मात्र कर्म) और 'अखिलम्' का अर्थ सम्पूर्ण द्रव्य (मात्र पदार्थ) लेना ही ठीक मालूम देता है।जबतक मनुष्य अपने लिये कर्म करता है, तबतक उसका सम्बन्ध क्रियाओँ और पदार्थोंसे बना रहता है। जबतक क्रियाओँ और पदार्थोंसे सम्बन्ध रहता है, तभीतक अन्तःकरणमें अशुद्धि रहती है, इसलिये अपने लिये कर्म न करनेसे ही अन्तःकरण शुद्ध होता है।अन्तःकरणमें तीन दोष रहते हैं--मल (संचित पाप), विक्षेप (चित्तकी चञ्चलता) और आवरण (अज्ञान)। अपने लिये कोई भी कर्म न करनेसे अर्थात् संसारमात्रकी सेवाके लिये ही कर्म करनेसे जब साधकके अन्तःकरणमें स्थित मल और विक्षेप--दोनों दोष मिट जाते हैं, तब वह ज्ञानप्राप्तिके द्वारा आवरण-दोषको मिटानेके लिये कर्मोंका स्वरूपसे त्याग करके गुरुके पास जाता है। उस समय वह कर्मों और पदार्थोंसे ऊँचा उठ जाता है अर्थात् कर्म और पदार्थ उसके लक्ष्य नहीं रहते, प्रत्युत एक चिन्मय तत्त्व ही उसका लक्ष्य रहता है। यही सम्पूर्ण कर्मों और पदार्थोंका तत्त्वज्ञानमें समाप्त होना है।
🪷 Place in the Bhagavad-Gītā
- This is verse 33 of 42 in Chapter 4 · Jñāna-Karma-Sannyāsa-Yoga (The Yoga of Knowledge & Action-Renunciation)
- Chapter theme: Daśāvatāra · 12 yajñas · yadā yadā hi dharmasya (BG 4.7)
- Ṣaṭka grouping: TVAM-Ṣaṭka (BG 1-6 · the jīva)
- Chapter hub: /jnana-karma
🪷 ॐ नमो भगवते वासुदेवाय 🪷
सर्वम् कृष्णार्पणम् — this verse is one maṇi (jewel) on Krishna's thread (BG 7.7)