🪷 Bhagavad-Gītā · 4.20
Chapter 4 · ज्ञानकर्मसंन्यासयोग · Jñāna-Karma-Sannyāsa-Yoga · "The Yoga of Knowledge & Action-Renunciation" · Verse 20 of 42
🪷 English Translations
Five authentic English voices · each from a distinct sampradāya · together revealing the verse's full śabda-tattva.
Shri Purohit Swami · Poetic English · 1935 · public domain · Cosmo Press tradition
4.20 Having surrendered all claim to the results of his actions, always contented and independent, in reality he does nothing, even though he is apparently acting.
Swami Sivananda · Direct prose · Divine Life Society
4.20 Having abandoned attachment to the fruits of the action, ever content, depending on nothing, he does not do anything though engaged in activity.
Swami Gambīrānanda · Word-key glosses · Advaita Ashrama · Śaṅkara-school
4.20 With the help of the above-mentioned wisdom, tyaktva, having given up the idea of agentship; and phala-asangam, attachment to the results of action; he who is nitya-trptah, ever-trptah, ever-contented, i.e. has no hankering for objects; and nirasrayah, dependent on nothing-. Asraya means that on which a person leans, desiring to achieve some human goal. The idea is that he is dependent of any support which may be a means of attaining some coveted seen or unseen result.
In reality, actions done by a man of Knowledge are certainly inactions, since he is endowed with the realization of the actionless Self. Actions together with their accessories must be relinished by one who has become thus, because they have no end to serve. This being so, api, even though; he remains abhi-pravrttah, engaged as before; karmani, in actions-getting out of those (actions) being impossible-, either with the intention of preventing people from going astray or with a view to avoiding the censure of the wise people; sah, he; eva, really; na karoti, does not do; kincit, anything, because he is endued with the realization of the actionless Self. [From the subjective standpoint of the enlightened there are no actions, but ordinary people mistakenly think them to be actions, which in reality are a mere semblance of it.]
On the other hand, one who is the opposite of the above-mentioned one, (and) in whom, even before undertaking works, has dawned the realization of his identity with Brahman, the all-pervasive, inmost, actionless Self; who,being bereft of solicitation for desirable objects seen or unseen, has renounced actions along with their accessories, by virtue of seeing no purpose to be served by undertaking actions meant to secure some seen or unseen result, and makes effort only for the maintenance of the body, he, the monk steadfast in Knowledge, becomes free.
Hence, in order to express this idea the Lord says:
Swami Ādidevānanda · Śrī-Vaiṣṇava perspective · Rāmānuja school
4.20 Whoever performs actions, renouncing attachment to their fruits and is satisfied with the eternal, i.e., satisfied with his own self, and dependent on none, i.e., devoid of dependence on transient Prakrti (body and external nature) - such a perosn, even though fully engaged in actions, does not act at all. He is engaged in the practice of knowledge under the form of action.
Again, Karma, having the form of knowledge, is examined:
Dr. S. Sankaranarayan · Academic precision · modern scholarly
4.20. By abandoning attachment for fruits of actions, remaining ever content and depending on nothing, that person, even though he is engaged in action, does not at all perform anything.
🪷 English Commentaries · The Ācārya Voices
The classical commentary tradition rendered in English · each ācārya speaks from their own sampradāya · the seer chooses the depth of darśana.
Swami Sivananda · Verse-by-verse word-keys with Sanskrit anchors
4.20 त्यक्त्वा having abandoned? कर्मफलासङ्गम् attachment to the fruits of action? नित्यतृप्तः even content? निराश्रयः depending on nothing? कर्मणि in action? अभिप्रवृत्तः engaged? अपि even? न not? एव verily? किञ्चित् anything? करोति does? सः he.Commentary The same idea of inaction in action is repeated here to produce a deep impression on the minds of the aspirants. He who works for the wellbeing of the world and he who performs actions without egoism and attachment for the fruits? to set an example to the masses? really does nothing at all though he is ever engaged in activity? as he possesses the knowledge of the Self which is beyond all activity and as he has realised his identity with It.As Brahman the Absolute is selfcontained? all the desires are gratified if one realises the Self. He is ever satisfied and does not depend on anything? just as a man who has the favour of the king does not depend on the minister or the government official for anything. (Cf.IV.41)
Swami Gambīrānanda · Advaita-school commentary (Śaṅkara tradition)
4.20 With the help of the above-mentioned wisdom, tyaktva, having given up the idea of agentship; and phala-asangam, attachment to the results of action; he who is nitya-trptah, ever-trptah, ever-contented, i.e. has no hankering for objects; and nirasrayah, dependent on nothing-. Asraya means that on which a person leans, desiring to achieve some human goal. The idea is that he is dependent of any support which may be a means of attaining some coveted seen or unseen result.
In reality, actions done by a man of Knowledge are certainly inactions, since he is endowed with the realization of the actionless Self. Actions together with their accessories must be relinished by one who has become thus, because they have no end to serve. This being so, api, even though; he remains abhi-pravrttah, engaged as before; karmani, in actions-getting out of those (actions) being impossible-, either with the intention of preventing people from going astray or with a view to avoiding the censure of the wise people; sah, he; eva, really; na karoti, does not do; kincit, anything, because he is endued with the realization of the actionless Self. [From the subjective standpoint of the enlightened there are no actions, but ordinary people mistakenly think them to be actions, which in reality are a mere semblance of it.]
On the other hand, one who is the opposite of the above-mentioned one, (and) in whom, even before undertaking works, has dawned the realization of his identity with Brahman, the all-pervasive, inmost, actionless Self; who,being bereft of solicitation for desirable objects seen or unseen, has renounced actions along with their accessories, by virtue of seeing no purpose to be served by undertaking actions meant to secure some seen or unseen result, and makes effort only for the maintenance of the body, he, the monk steadfast in Knowledge, becomes free.
Hence, in order to express this idea the Lord says:
Swami Ādidevānanda · Rāmānuja Śrī-Vaiṣṇava commentary
4.20 Whoever performs actions, renouncing attachment to their fruits and is satisfied with the eternal, i.e., satisfied with his own self, and dependent on none, i.e., devoid of dependence on transient Prakrti (body and external nature) - such a perosn, even though fully engaged in actions, does not act at all. He is engaged in the practice of knowledge under the form of action.
Again, Karma, having the form of knowledge, is examined:
Dr. S. Sankaranarayan · Modern academic scholarship
4.20 See Comment under 4.21
Swami Chinmayānanda · Chinmaya Mission · modern Vedantic teaching
।।4.20।। यहाँ हमें न कर्मफल त्यागने को कहा गया है और न ही उसकी उपेक्षा करने को किन्तु फल के साथ हमारी मानसिक दासता तथा आसक्ति का त्याग करने को कहा गया है। जब हम इच्छित फलों की चिन्ताओं से ग्रस्त हो जाते हैं तब हम अपने कर्मों को कुशलतापूर्वक नहीं कर पाते हैं। इस चिन्ता और आसक्ति का त्याग करके समाज कल्याण के लिए हमको प्रयत्नशील होना चाहिये।एक सच्चा कलाकार अपनी सर्वश्रेष्ठ कलाकृति का कभी भी स्वेच्छा से विक्रय करने को तैयार नहीं होगा जिस चित्र को चित्रित करने के लिए उसने इतना अधिक परिश्रम किया और समय दिया वह चित्र ही उसका वास्तविक पारितोषिक होता है। यदि भूखे भी रहना पड़े तो भी वह उस चित्र की बिक्री करना नहीं चाहेगा उस चित्र को देखने मात्र से उसे जो सन्तोष और आनन्द का अनुभव होता है उसकी तुलना में सम्पूर्ण जगत् की सम्पत्ति भी तुच्छ प्रतीत होती है। यदि एक लघु परिच्छिन्न कलाकृति उस सामान्य व्यक्ति को इतना अधिक आनन्द प्रदान कर सकती है तो आत्मस्वरूप में स्थित दैवी आनन्द की अनुभूति में रमे हुए नामरूपमय जगत् में काम करते हुए ज्ञानी पुरुष के आनन्द का क्या मापदण्ड हो सकता है वास्तव में अनन्त तत्त्व को आत्मरूप से अनुभव किया हुआ पुरुष बाह्य आश्रयों से सर्वथा मुक्त हो जाता है।फलासक्ति असन्तोष तथा बाह्य वस्तुओं पर आश्रय ये सब अविद्याजनित जीव के लिए ही होते हैं। यह जीव ही इन सबसे पीड़ित होता है। जब सत्य का साधक यह पहचान लेता है कि इस जीव का वास्तविक स्वरूप अनन्त और परिपूर्ण है तब यह जीवभाव (अहंकार) नष्ट हो जाता है और स्वभावत उसके सब दुखो का अन्त होना अवश्यंभावी है। पात्र में रखे हुये जल को हिलाने से उसमें स्थित सूर्य का प्रतिबिम्ब भी हिलता है। परन्तु जल को फेंक देने पर प्रतिबिम्ब लुप्त हो जाता है और फिर किसी भी प्रकार आकाश में स्थित सूर्य को हिलाया नहीं जा सकता । ऐसा आत्मज्ञानी पुरुष कर्म में प्रर्वत्त हुआ भी किञ्चिन्मात्र कर्म नहीं करता है।शरीर मन और बुद्धि बाह्य जगत् में कार्य करते रहते हैं किन्तु सर्वव्यापी आत्मा नहीं। इस चैतन्य आत्मा के बिना शरीर कार्य नहीं कर सकता परन्तु उसकी क्रिया का आरोप अकर्म आत्मा पर नहीं किया जा सकता है। अत आत्मस्वरूप में स्थित पुरुष कार्य करते हुए भी कर्त्ता नहीं कहा जा सकता। रेल चलती है परन्तु यह कहना ठीक नहीं होगा कि वाष्प गतिशील है।वेदान्त के शिक्षार्थी के मन में यह शंका उठती है कि आत्मानुभव होने पर ज्ञानी के पूर्वार्जित सभी कर्म नष्ट हो सकते हैं परन्तु तत्पश्चात् पुन जगत् में कर्म करने से हो सकता है कि वह नये पापपुण्यरूप कर्म करें जिसका फल भोगने हेतु उसे नए जन्मों को भी लेना पड़े। इस श्लोक में उपर्युक्त शंका को निर्मूल कर दिया गया है। यहाँ स्पष्ट कहा गया है कि ज्ञानी पुरुष कर्म करने पर भी किञ्चित कर्म नहीं करता है तब फिर उसे बन्धन कैसे होगा प्रत्येक क्रिया की प्रतिक्रिया होती है। सन्त पुरुष के शारीरिक कर्मों का भी कुछ तो फल होना ही चाहिये। यह सामान्य युक्तिवाद है जिसका खण्डन करते हुये भगवान् कहते हैं
🪷 Place in the Bhagavad-Gītā
- This is verse 20 of 42 in Chapter 4 · Jñāna-Karma-Sannyāsa-Yoga (The Yoga of Knowledge & Action-Renunciation)
- Chapter theme: Daśāvatāra · 12 yajñas · yadā yadā hi dharmasya (BG 4.7)
- Ṣaṭka grouping: TVAM-Ṣaṭka (BG 1-6 · the jīva)
- Chapter hub: /jnana-karma
🪷 ॐ नमो भगवते वासुदेवाय 🪷
सर्वम् कृष्णार्पणम् — this verse is one maṇi (jewel) on Krishna's thread (BG 7.7)