🪷 Bhagavad-Gītā · 2.17
Chapter 2 · सांख्ययोग · Sāṅkhya-Yoga · "The Yoga of Knowledge" · Verse 17 of 72
🪷 English Translations
Five authentic English voices · each from a distinct sampradāya · together revealing the verse's full śabda-tattva.
Shri Purohit Swami · Poetic English · 1935 · public domain · Cosmo Press tradition
2.17 The Spirit, which pervades all that we see, is imperishable. Nothing can destroy the Spirit.
Swami Sivananda · Direct prose · Divine Life Society
2.17 Know that to be indestructible, by Which all this is pervaded. None can cause the destruction of That, the Imperishable.
Swami Gambīrānanda · Word-key glosses · Advaita Ashrama · Śaṅkara-school
2.17 Tu, but this word is used for distinguishing (reality) from unreality; tat viddhi, know That; to be avinasi, indestructible, by nature not subject to destruction; what? (that) yena, by which, by which Brahman called Reality; sarvam, all; idam, this, the Universe together with space; is tatam, pervaded, as pot etc. are pervaded by space. Na kascit, none; arhati, can; kartum, bring about; vinasam, the destruction, disappearance, nonexistence; asya, of this avyayasya, of the Immutable, that which does not undergo growth and depletion. By Its very nature this Brahman called Reality does not suffer mutation, because, unlike bodies etc., It has no limbs; nor (does It suffer mutation) by (loss of something) belonging to It, because It has nothing that is Its own. Brahman surely does not suffer loss like Devadatta suffering from loss of wealth. Therefore no one can bring about the destruction of this immutable Brahman. No one, not even God Himself, can destroy his own Self, because the Self is Brahman. Besides, action with regard to one's Self is self-contradictory.
Which, again, is that 'unreal' that is said to change its own nature? This is being answered:
Swami Ādidevānanda · Śrī-Vaiṣṇava perspective · Rāmānuja school
2.17 Know that the self in its essential nature is imperishable. The whole of insentient matter, which is different (from the self), is pervaded by the self. Because of pervasiveness and extreme subtlety, the self cannot be destroyed; for every entity other than the self is capable of being pervaded by the self, and hence they are grosser than It. Destructive agents like weapons, water, wind, fire etc., pervade the substances to be destroyed and disintegrate them. Even hammers and such other instruments rouse wind through violent contact with the objects and thery destroy their objects. So, the essential nature of the self being subtler than anything else, It is imperishable.
(The Lord) now says that the bodies are perishable:
Dr. S. Sankaranarayan · Academic precision · modern scholarly
2.17. And know That to be destructionsless, by Which all this (universe) is pervaded; no one is capable of causing destruction to this changeless One.
🪷 Hindi Translation · हिन्दी अनुवाद
For the Hindi-aware seer · Pūjya Swami Rāmsukhdās ji's translation · the highest-readability modern Hindi rendering · Gītā-Press Gorakhpur tradition.
🪷 Swami Rāmsukhdās · Sādhaka-Sañjīvanī tradition · Gītā-Press Gorakhpur · highest modern Hindi reading
।।2.17।। अविनाशी तो उसको जान, जिससे यह सम्पूर्ण संसार व्याप्त है। इस अविनाशीका विनाश कोई भी नहीं कर सकता।
🪷 English Commentaries · The Ācārya Voices
The classical commentary tradition rendered in English · each ācārya speaks from their own sampradāya · the seer chooses the depth of darśana.
Swami Gambīrānanda · Advaita-school commentary (Śaṅkara tradition)
2.17 Tu, but this word is used for distinguishing (reality) from unreality; tat viddhi, know That; to be avinasi, indestructible, by nature not subject to destruction; what? (that) yena, by which, by which Brahman called Reality; sarvam, all; idam, this, the Universe together with space; is tatam, pervaded, as pot etc. are pervaded by space. Na kascit, none; arhati, can; kartum, bring about; vinasam, the destruction, disappearance, nonexistence; asya, of this avyayasya, of the Immutable, that which does not undergo growth and depletion. By Its very nature this Brahman called Reality does not suffer mutation, because, unlike bodies etc., It has no limbs; nor (does It suffer mutation) by (loss of something) belonging to It, because It has nothing that is Its own. Brahman surely does not suffer loss like Devadatta suffering from loss of wealth. Therefore no one can bring about the destruction of this immutable Brahman. No one, not even God Himself, can destroy his own Self, because the Self is Brahman. Besides, action with regard to one's Self is self-contradictory.
Which, again, is that 'unreal' that is said to change its own nature? This is being answered:
Swami Ādidevānanda · Rāmānuja Śrī-Vaiṣṇava commentary
2.17 Know that the self in its essential nature is imperishable. The whole of insentient matter, which is different (from the self), is pervaded by the self. Because of pervasiveness and extreme subtlety, the self cannot be destroyed; for every entity other than the self is capable of being pervaded by the self, and hence they are grosser than It. Destructive agents like weapons, water, wind, fire etc., pervade the substances to be destroyed and disintegrate them. Even hammers and such other instruments rouse wind through violent contact with the objects and thery destroy their objects. So, the essential nature of the self being subtler than anything else, It is imperishable.
(The Lord) now says that the bodies are perishable:
Dr. S. Sankaranarayan · Modern academic scholarship
2.17 Avinasi etc [Here] tu is in the sense of ca 'and'. So, 'and' the Soul is not of perishing nature.
Swami Chinmayānanda · Chinmaya Mission · modern Vedantic teaching
।।2.17।। समस्त जगत् को जो व्याप्त किये हुये है और इस दृश्यमान अनुभव में आने वाले जगत् का जो अधिष्ठान है वह सत् है। मिट्टी के बने अनेक प्रकार के पात्र होते हैं जिनके विभिन्न उपयोगों के कारण अथवा उनमें रखी वस्तुओं के कारण उनके विभिन्न नाम होते हैं परंतु विविध आकारों के होने पर भी वे सब एक मिट्टी के ही बने होते हैं जो सब आकारों में व्याप्त होती है और जिसके बिना किसी भी पात्र का अस्तित्व सिद्ध नहीं हो सकता। उन सब की उत्पत्ति स्थिति और लय मिट्टी में ही है। अत उनमें मिट्टी ही वास्तव में सत्य है।
इसी प्रकार यह नित्य परिवर्तनशील जगत् नित्य अविनाशी तत्त्व से व्याप्त है और भगवान् कहते हैं कि इस तत्त्व का विनाश कदापि सम्भव नहीं है।
तब फिर असत् क्या है जिसका अस्तित्व नित्य नहीं है सुनो
🪷 Hindi Vyākhyā · हिन्दी व्याख्या
Pūjya Swami Rāmsukhdās ji's Sādhaka-Sañjīvanī · one of the greatest modern Hindi vyākhyās of the Gītā · direct, pure, deeply Vedāntic · the modern Sanātana-jāgaraṇa.
🪷 Swami Rāmsukhdās · Sādhaka-Sañjīvanī · Hindi vyākhyā · the modern bilingual anchor
।।2.17।। व्याख्या-- 'अविनाशि तु तद्विद्धि'-- पूर्वश्लोकमें जो सत्-असत् की बात कही थी, उसमेंसे पहले 'सत्' की व्याख्या करनेके लिये यहाँ 'तु' पद आया है।
'उस अविनाशी तत्त्वको तू समझ'--ऐसा कहकर भगवान्ने उस तत्वको परोक्ष बताया है। परोक्ष बतानेमें तात्पर्य है कि इदंतासे दीखनेवाले इस सम्पूर्ण संसारमें वह परोक्ष तत्त्व ही व्याप्त है, परिपूर्ण है। वास्तवमें जो परिपूर्ण है, वही 'है' और जो सामने संसार दीख रहा है, यह 'नहीं' है।
यहाँ 'तत्' पदसे सत्त-त्त्वको परोक्षरीतिसे कहनेका तात्पर्य यह नहीं है कि वह तत्त्व बहुत दूर है; किन्तु वह इन्द्रियों और अन्तःकरणका विषय नहीं है, इसलिये उसको परोक्षरीतिसे कहा गया है।
'येन सर्वमिदं ततम् (टिप्पणी प'0 57.1)--जिसको परोक्ष कहा है उसीका वर्णन करते हैं कि यह सब-का-सब संसार उस नित्य-तत्त्वसे व्याप्त है। जैसे सोनेसे बने हुए गहनोंमें सोना, लोहेसे बने हुए अस्त्र-शस्त्रोंमें लोहा, मिट्टीसे बने हुए बर्तनोंमें मिट्टी और जलसे बनी हुई बर्फमें जल ही व्याप्त (परिपूर्ण) है, ऐसे ही संसारमें वह सत्त-त्त्व ही व्याप्त है। अतः वास्तवमें इस संसारमें वह सत्त-त्त्व ही जाननेयोग्य है।
'विनाशमव्ययस्यास्य न कश्चित्कर्तुमर्हति'--यह शरीरी अव्यय (टिप्पणी प0 57.2) अर्थात् अविनाशी है। इस अविनाशीका कोई विनाश कर ही नहीं सकता। परन्तु शरीर विनाशी है-- क्योंकि वह नित्य-निरन्तर विनाशकी तरफ जा रहा है। अतः इस विनाशीके विनाशको कोई रोक ही नहीं सकता। तू सोचता है कि मैं युद्ध नहीं करूँगा तो ये नहीं मरेंगे, पर वास्तवमें तेरे युद्ध करनेसे अथवा न करनेसे इस अविनाशी और विनाशी तत्त्वमें कुछ फरक नहीं पड़ेगा अर्थात् अविनाशी तो रहेगा ही और विनाशीका नाश होगा ही।
यहाँ 'अस्य' पदसे सत्त-त्त्वको इदंतासे कहनेका तात्पर्य है कि प्रतिक्षण बदलनेवाले शरीरोंमें जो सत्ता दीखती है, वह इसी सत्त-त्त्वकी ही है। 'मेरा शरीर है और मैं शरीरधारी हूँ'--ऐसा जो अपनी सत्ताका ज्ञान है, उसीको लक्ष्य करके भगवान्ने यहाँ 'अस्य' पद दिया है।
🪷 Place in the Bhagavad-Gītā
- This is verse 17 of 72 in Chapter 2 · Sāṅkhya-Yoga (The Yoga of Knowledge)
- Chapter theme: Krishna's first teaching · the niṣkāma-karma sūtra · BG 2.47
- Ṣaṭka grouping: TVAM-Ṣaṭka (BG 1-6 · the jīva)
- Chapter hub: /sankhya-yoga
🪷 ॐ नमो भगवते वासुदेवाय 🪷
सर्वम् कृष्णार्पणम् — this verse is one maṇi (jewel) on Krishna's thread (BG 7.7)