{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:singapore:2026-07-28:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/singapore/2026-07-28","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"2026-07-28","date_display":"July 28, 2026 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2026,"month":7,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2461249.770833,"kali_year":5128,"ahargana":1872784.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":100.2146,"rashi":4,"rashi_name":"Karka"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":262.0658,"rashi":9,"rashi_name":"Dhanu"},"tithi":{"number":14,"name":"Caturdaśī","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Caturdaśī","elongation_degrees":161.8512,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":5.8512},"nakshatra":{"number":20,"name":"Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","pada":3,"moon_longitude":262.0658,"elapsed_within_degrees":8.7325},"yoga":{"number":1,"name":"Viṣkambha","sum_longitude":2.2804},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":26,"name":"Gara"},"vara":{"number":4,"name":"Maṅgalavāra (Tuesday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":2026,"month":7,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2461249.770833,"ahargana":1872784.2708,"kali_year":5128,"ayanamsa_lahiri":24.2242,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":100.78861699999999,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":8,"name":"Puṣya","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":263.23051699999996,"rashi":{"number":9,"name":"Dhanu"},"nakshatra":{"number":20,"name":"Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","pada":3},"retrograde":false,"latitude":-3.3849},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":55.81061699999998,"rashi":{"number":2,"name":"Vṛṣabha"},"nakshatra":{"number":5,"name":"Mr̥gaśirā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":82.40241700000001,"rashi":{"number":3,"name":"Mithuna"},"nakshatra":{"number":7,"name":"Punarvasu","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":101.66301699999997,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":8,"name":"Puṣya","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":145.31491699999998,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":11,"name":"Pūrva Phalgunī","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":350.574317,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":27,"name":"Revatī","pada":2},"retrograde":true},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":310.8769,"rashi":{"number":11,"name":"Kumbha"},"nakshatra":{"number":24,"name":"Śatabhiṣā","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":130.8769,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":10,"name":"Maghā","pada":4},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2026,"month":7,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2461249.770833,"kali_year":5128,"ahargana":1872784.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":100.2146,"rashi":4,"rashi_name":"Karka"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":262.0658,"rashi":9,"rashi_name":"Dhanu"},"tithi":{"number":14,"name":"Caturdaśī","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Caturdaśī","elongation_degrees":161.8512,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":5.8512},"nakshatra":{"number":20,"name":"Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","pada":3,"moon_longitude":262.0658,"elapsed_within_degrees":8.7325},"yoga":{"number":1,"name":"Viṣkambha","sum_longitude":2.2804},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":26,"name":"Gara"},"vara":{"number":4,"name":"Maṅgalavāra (Tuesday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-3.385,"elongation":161.851},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-3.385,"opposition_distance":18.149}},"eclipse_window_40days":[]},"city":{"slug":"singapore","name":"Singapore","lat":1.3521,"lon":103.8198,"tz_offset_hours":8,"country":"SG","tier":"diaspora"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"singapore","name":"Singapore","lat":1.3521,"lon":103.8198,"tz_offset_hours":8,"country":"SG","tier":"diaspora"},"sunriseLocal":"07:06","sunsetLocal":"19:16","solarNoonLocal":"13:11","dayLengthHours":12.17964561578701,"dayLengthDisplay":"12 Hours 10 Mins 47 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"11 Hours 49 Mins 13 Secs","moonriseLocal":"18:00","moonsetLocal":"06:01","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"16:14","end":"17:45","startHours":16.226430615220107,"endHours":17.748886317193485,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"10:08","end":"11:40","startHours":10.136607807326602,"endHours":11.65906350929998,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"13:11","end":"14:42","startHours":13.181519211273354,"endHours":14.703974913246732,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"09:56","end":"10:20","startHours":9.933613713730153,"endHours":10.339601900923054,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"07:36","end":"07:55","startHours":7.599181637370975,"endHours":7.923972187125296,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"12:47","end":"13:35","startHours":12.775531024080454,"endHours":13.587507398466254,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"05:28","end":"06:17","startHours":5.467743654608249,"endHours":6.279720028994049,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"06:05","end":"07:06","startHours":6.076725935397599,"endHours":7.09169640337985,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"15:13","end":"16:01","startHours":15.211460147237855,"endHours":16.023436521623655,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"19:04","end":"19:28","startHours":19.07134201916686,"endHours":19.47134201916686,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"19:16","end":"19:47","startHours":19.27134201916686,"endHours":19.778827253157985,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"19:01","end":"20:46","startHours":19.02134201916686,"endHours":20.77134201916686,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"00:47","end":"01:35","startHours":24.775531024080454,"endHours":25.587507398466254,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Roga","start":"07:06","end":"08:37","startHours":7.09169640337985,"endHours":8.614152105353227,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"08:37","end":"10:08","startHours":8.614152105353227,"endHours":10.136607807326602,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"10:08","end":"11:40","startHours":10.136607807326602,"endHours":11.65906350929998,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"11:40","end":"13:11","startHours":11.65906350929998,"endHours":13.181519211273354,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"13:11","end":"14:42","startHours":13.181519211273354,"endHours":14.703974913246732,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"14:42","end":"16:14","startHours":14.703974913246732,"endHours":16.226430615220107,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"16:14","end":"17:45","startHours":16.226430615220107,"endHours":17.748886317193485,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"17:45","end":"19:16","startHours":17.748886317193485,"endHours":19.27134201916686,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Kāla","start":"19:16","end":"20:45","startHours":19.27134201916686,"endHours":20.74888631719348,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"20:45","end":"22:14","startHours":20.74888631719348,"endHours":22.226430615220107,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"22:14","end":"23:42","startHours":22.226430615220107,"endHours":23.703974913246732,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"23:42","end":"01:11","startHours":23.703974913246732,"endHours":25.181519211273354,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"01:11","end":"02:40","startHours":25.181519211273354,"endHours":26.659063509299976,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"02:40","end":"04:08","startHours":26.659063509299976,"endHours":28.1366078073266,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"04:08","end":"05:37","startHours":28.1366078073266,"endHours":29.614152105353227,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"05:37","end":"07:06","startHours":29.614152105353227,"endHours":31.09169640337985,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"07:06","end":"08:06","startHours":7.09169640337985,"endHours":8.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"08:06","end":"09:06","startHours":8.09169640337985,"endHours":9.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"09:06","end":"10:06","startHours":9.09169640337985,"endHours":10.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"10:06","end":"11:06","startHours":10.09169640337985,"endHours":11.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"11:06","end":"12:06","startHours":11.09169640337985,"endHours":12.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"12:06","end":"13:06","startHours":12.09169640337985,"endHours":13.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"13:06","end":"14:06","startHours":13.09169640337985,"endHours":14.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"14:06","end":"15:06","startHours":14.09169640337985,"endHours":15.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"15:06","end":"16:06","startHours":15.09169640337985,"endHours":16.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"16:06","end":"17:06","startHours":16.09169640337985,"endHours":17.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"17:06","end":"18:06","startHours":17.09169640337985,"endHours":18.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"18:06","end":"19:06","startHours":18.09169640337985,"endHours":19.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"19:06","end":"20:06","startHours":19.09169640337985,"endHours":20.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"20:06","end":"21:06","startHours":20.09169640337985,"endHours":21.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"21:06","end":"22:06","startHours":21.09169640337985,"endHours":22.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"22:06","end":"23:06","startHours":22.09169640337985,"endHours":23.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"23:06","end":"00:06","startHours":23.09169640337985,"endHours":24.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"00:06","end":"01:06","startHours":24.09169640337985,"endHours":25.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"01:06","end":"02:06","startHours":25.09169640337985,"endHours":26.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"02:06","end":"03:06","startHours":26.09169640337985,"endHours":27.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"03:06","end":"04:06","startHours":27.09169640337985,"endHours":28.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"04:06","end":"05:06","startHours":28.09169640337985,"endHours":29.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"05:06","end":"06:06","startHours":29.09169640337985,"endHours":30.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"06:06","end":"07:06","startHours":30.09169640337985,"endHours":31.09169640337985,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Ārdrā","Punarvasu","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Citrā","Svātī","Viśākhā","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā","Śatabhiṣaj","Pūrva Bhādrapadā"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Bharaṇī","Puṣya","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Anurādhā","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Uttara Bhādrapadā","Revatī"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Vṛṣabha","Mithuna","Kanyā","Tulā","Dhanu","Kumbha"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Karka","Siṃha","Vṛścika","Makara","Mīna"]},"dishaShool":"North (Uttara)","chandraVasa":"East","rahuVasa":"North","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Dhātṛ","quality":"Auspicious"},"tropicalRitu":"Varṣā (Monsoon) (tropical)","vedicRitu":"Grīṣma (Summer)","tropicalAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","vedicAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization","declination":19.01116017456955,"eotMinutes":-6.170352676401169,"ayanamsa":24.2242}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2083,"vikram_samvatsara":"Siddhārthī","saka_samvat":1948,"saka_samvatsara":"Parābhava","bengali_samvat":1433,"malayalam_era":1202,"nanakshahi_year":557,"lunar_month":"Āṣāḍha","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Āṣāḍha Śukla Pakṣa","lunar_month_system":"purnimanta","lunar_month_purnimanta":"Āṣāḍha","lunar_month_amanta":"Āṣāḍha","lunar_month_is_adhika":false,"lunar_month_purnimanta_is_adhika":false,"lunar_month_amanta_is_adhika":false,"solar_month":"Karkaṭa (Āḍi)","ritu":"Grīṣma (Summer)","display_summary":"Āṣāḍha Śukla Caturdaśī · Vikram 2083 Siddhārthī · Śaka 1948 Parābhava"},"festivals":[],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"mangala-walk","name":"Maṅgala Walk","name_sanskrit":"मङ्गल यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Right action + BG 2.31-38 (kṣatriya-dharma).","step_count":7,"url":"/walk/mangala-walk"},"reason":"Maṅgalavāra (Tuesday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"singapore"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga July 28, 2026 CE · Singapore · Vidhyamitra","description":"July 28, 2026 CE for Singapore: Śukla Caturdaśī, sūryodaya 07:06, sūryāsta 19:16.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/singapore/2026-07-28","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/singapore/2026-07-28","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/singapore/2026-07-28","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/singapore/2026-07-28","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/singapore/2026-07-28"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-07-23T17:18:48.751Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-07-23T17:18:48.751Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["modern-reference checked timing on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-07-23T17:18:48.751Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"},"reader_local_antaryami":{"reader_geography":"Every reader enters from their own kṣetra anywhere on Bhūmi; no founder-city is the universal center.","purna_chain":["Goloka/Vraja Rādhā-Krishna","Vaikuṇṭha Lakṣmī-Nārāyaṇa","Mahāviṣṇu/Kāraṇodakaśāyī Viṣṇu","Garbhodakaśāyī Viṣṇu","Brahmā","Kṣīrodaka Paramātmā/Antaryāmī (Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu)","Bhūmi","reader's own kṣetra anywhere on Bhūmi","exact reading kṣetra","Divyāṁśa-bhakta","chitta/vāṇī/aṅgulī","keyboard-silicon-pathways","Vidhyāmitra substrate","reader/seer","Krishna"],"antaryami_responsibility_formula":"Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu = Paramātmā = Antaryāmī. Jīva desires. Prakṛti executes through guṇas. Paramātmā witnesses, permits, remembers, guides, and sustains. Bhagavān is the ultimate source.","source_anchors":[{"label":"BG 13.23","path":"/bhagavad-gita/13/23","meaning":"upadraṣṭā-anumantā · witness-permitter"},{"label":"BG 15.15","path":"/bhagavad-gita/15/15","meaning":"the Lord seated in every heart as memory, knowledge, and forgetting"},{"label":"BG 18.61","path":"/bhagavad-gita/18/61","meaning":"Īśvara seated in the heart of all beings"}],"nama_seal":"Hare Krishna Hare Krishna · Krishna Krishna Hare Hare · Hare Rama Hare Rama · Rama Rama Hare Hare"}}}