{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:rajkot:2028-10-31:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/rajkot/2028-10-31","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"2028-10-31","date_display":"October 31, 2028 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2028,"month":10,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2462075.770833,"kali_year":5130,"ahargana":1873610.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":193.1288,"rashi":7,"rashi_name":"Tulā"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":346.0008,"rashi":12,"rashi_name":"Mīna"},"tithi":{"number":13,"name":"Trayodaśī","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Trayodaśī","elongation_degrees":152.872,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":8.872},"nakshatra":{"number":26,"name":"Uttara Bhādrapadā","pada":4,"moon_longitude":346.0008,"elapsed_within_degrees":12.6675},"yoga":{"number":14,"name":"Harṣaṇa","sum_longitude":179.1296},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":25,"name":"Taitila"},"vara":{"number":4,"name":"Maṅgalavāra (Tuesday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":2028,"month":10,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2462075.770833,"ahargana":1873610.2708,"kali_year":5130,"ayanamsa_lahiri":24.2558,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":193.885857,"rashi":{"number":7,"name":"Tulā"},"nakshatra":{"number":15,"name":"Svātī","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":347.762457,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":27,"name":"Revatī","pada":1},"retrograde":false,"latitude":4.4155},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":129.264157,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":10,"name":"Maghā","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":181.033457,"rashi":{"number":7,"name":"Tulā"},"nakshatra":{"number":14,"name":"Citrā","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":170.071457,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":13,"name":"Hasta","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":159.580057,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":12,"name":"Uttara Phalgunī","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":13.504756999999984,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":2,"name":"Bharaṇī","pada":1},"retrograde":true},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":267.1114,"rashi":{"number":9,"name":"Dhanu"},"nakshatra":{"number":21,"name":"Uttara Āṣāḍhā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":87.1114,"rashi":{"number":3,"name":"Mithuna"},"nakshatra":{"number":7,"name":"Punarvasu","pada":3},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2028,"month":10,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2462075.770833,"kali_year":5130,"ahargana":1873610.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":193.1288,"rashi":7,"rashi_name":"Tulā"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":346.0008,"rashi":12,"rashi_name":"Mīna"},"tithi":{"number":13,"name":"Trayodaśī","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Trayodaśī","elongation_degrees":152.872,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":8.872},"nakshatra":{"number":26,"name":"Uttara Bhādrapadā","pada":4,"moon_longitude":346.0008,"elapsed_within_degrees":12.6675},"yoga":{"number":14,"name":"Harṣaṇa","sum_longitude":179.1296},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":25,"name":"Taitila"},"vara":{"number":4,"name":"Maṅgalavāra (Tuesday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":4.415,"elongation":152.872},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":4.415,"opposition_distance":27.128}},"eclipse_window_40days":[]},"city":{"slug":"rajkot","name":"Rajkot, Gujarat","lat":22.3039,"lon":70.8022,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Gujarat","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"rajkot","name":"Rajkot, Gujarat","lat":22.3039,"lon":70.8022,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Gujarat","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"sunriseLocal":"06:50","sunsetLocal":"18:10","solarNoonLocal":"12:30","dayLengthHours":11.328856424512615,"dayLengthDisplay":"11 Hours 19 Mins 44 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"12 Hours 40 Mins 16 Secs","moonriseLocal":"16:35","moonsetLocal":"04:56","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"15:20","end":"16:45","startHours":15.337854446952683,"endHours":16.75396150001676,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"09:40","end":"11:05","startHours":9.673426234696375,"endHours":11.089533287760453,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"12:30","end":"13:55","startHours":12.505640340824531,"endHours":13.921747393888607,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"09:29","end":"09:52","startHours":9.4846119609545,"endHours":9.862240508438253,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"07:19","end":"07:37","startHours":7.313247812922914,"endHours":7.615350650909917,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"12:08","end":"12:53","startHours":12.128011793340777,"endHours":12.883268888308285,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"05:20","end":"06:05","startHours":5.330697938633207,"endHours":6.085955033600714,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"05:54","end":"06:50","startHours":5.8971407598588375,"endHours":6.841212128568222,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"14:24","end":"15:09","startHours":14.393783078243299,"endHours":15.149040173210807,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"17:58","end":"18:22","startHours":17.97006855308084,"endHours":18.370068553080838,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"18:10","end":"18:39","startHours":18.17006855308084,"endHours":18.642104237435532,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"17:55","end":"19:40","startHours":17.92006855308084,"endHours":19.67006855308084,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"00:08","end":"00:53","startHours":24.12801179334078,"endHours":24.883268888308283,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Roga","start":"06:50","end":"08:15","startHours":6.841212128568222,"endHours":8.2573191816323,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"08:15","end":"09:40","startHours":8.2573191816323,"endHours":9.673426234696375,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"09:40","end":"11:05","startHours":9.673426234696375,"endHours":11.089533287760453,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"11:05","end":"12:30","startHours":11.089533287760453,"endHours":12.505640340824531,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"12:30","end":"13:55","startHours":12.505640340824531,"endHours":13.921747393888607,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"13:55","end":"15:20","startHours":13.921747393888607,"endHours":15.337854446952683,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"15:20","end":"16:45","startHours":15.337854446952683,"endHours":16.75396150001676,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"16:45","end":"18:10","startHours":16.75396150001676,"endHours":18.17006855308084,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Kāla","start":"18:10","end":"19:45","startHours":18.17006855308084,"endHours":19.75396150001676,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"19:45","end":"21:20","startHours":19.75396150001676,"endHours":21.337854446952683,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"21:20","end":"22:55","startHours":21.337854446952683,"endHours":22.92174739388861,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"22:55","end":"00:30","startHours":22.92174739388861,"endHours":24.50564034082453,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"00:30","end":"02:05","startHours":24.50564034082453,"endHours":26.089533287760453,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"02:05","end":"03:40","startHours":26.089533287760453,"endHours":27.67342623469638,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"03:40","end":"05:15","startHours":27.67342623469638,"endHours":29.2573191816323,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"05:15","end":"06:50","startHours":29.2573191816323,"endHours":30.841212128568223,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"06:50","end":"07:50","startHours":6.841212128568222,"endHours":7.841212128568222,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"07:50","end":"08:50","startHours":7.841212128568222,"endHours":8.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"08:50","end":"09:50","startHours":8.841212128568223,"endHours":9.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"09:50","end":"10:50","startHours":9.841212128568223,"endHours":10.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"10:50","end":"11:50","startHours":10.841212128568223,"endHours":11.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"11:50","end":"12:50","startHours":11.841212128568223,"endHours":12.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"12:50","end":"13:50","startHours":12.841212128568223,"endHours":13.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"13:50","end":"14:50","startHours":13.841212128568223,"endHours":14.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"14:50","end":"15:50","startHours":14.841212128568223,"endHours":15.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"15:50","end":"16:50","startHours":15.841212128568223,"endHours":16.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"16:50","end":"17:50","startHours":16.841212128568223,"endHours":17.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"17:50","end":"18:50","startHours":17.841212128568223,"endHours":18.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"18:50","end":"19:50","startHours":18.841212128568223,"endHours":19.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"19:50","end":"20:50","startHours":19.841212128568223,"endHours":20.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"20:50","end":"21:50","startHours":20.841212128568223,"endHours":21.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"21:50","end":"22:50","startHours":21.841212128568223,"endHours":22.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"22:50","end":"23:50","startHours":22.841212128568223,"endHours":23.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"23:50","end":"00:50","startHours":23.841212128568223,"endHours":24.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"00:50","end":"01:50","startHours":24.841212128568223,"endHours":25.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"01:50","end":"02:50","startHours":25.841212128568223,"endHours":26.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"02:50","end":"03:50","startHours":26.841212128568223,"endHours":27.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"03:50","end":"04:50","startHours":27.841212128568223,"endHours":28.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"04:50","end":"05:50","startHours":28.841212128568223,"endHours":29.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"05:50","end":"06:50","startHours":29.841212128568223,"endHours":30.841212128568223,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Bharaṇī","Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Revatī"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Mṛgaśirā","Ārdrā","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Citrā","Svātī","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Dhaniṣṭhā","Śatabhiṣaj","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Vṛṣabha","Siṃha","Kanyā","Dhanu","Makara","Mīna"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Mithuna","Karka","Tulā","Vṛścika","Kumbha"]},"dishaShool":"North (Uttara)","chandraVasa":"South-West","rahuVasa":"North","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Dhvānkṣa","quality":"Inauspicious"},"tropicalRitu":"Śarad (Autumn) (tropical)","vedicRitu":"Śarad (Autumn)","tropicalAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","vedicAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization","declination":-14.21981799996272,"eotMinutes":16.45277955052819,"ayanamsa":24.2558}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2085,"vikram_samvatsara":"Durmati","saka_samvat":1950,"saka_samvatsara":"Kīlaka","bengali_samvat":1435,"malayalam_era":1204,"nanakshahi_year":559,"lunar_month":"Kārtika","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Kārtika (Adhika) Śukla Pakṣa","lunar_month_system":"purnimanta","lunar_month_purnimanta":"Kārtika","lunar_month_amanta":"Kārtika","lunar_month_is_adhika":true,"lunar_month_purnimanta_is_adhika":true,"lunar_month_amanta_is_adhika":true,"solar_month":"Tulā (Aippasi)","ritu":"Śarad (Autumn)","display_summary":"Kārtika (Adhika) Śukla Trayodaśī · Vikram 2085 Durmati · Śaka 1950 Kīlaka"},"festivals":[{"id":"pradosha-vrata","name":"Pradoṣa Vrata","name_sanskrit":"प्रदोष व्रत","tradition":"Shaiva","associated_deity":"Śiva","significance":"Twilight worship of Śiva on Trayodaśī.","vrata":true,"detection":{"any_of":[{"tithi_number":13},{"tithi_number":28}]},"precedence":7}],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"mangala-walk","name":"Maṅgala Walk","name_sanskrit":"मङ्गल यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Right action + BG 2.31-38 (kṣatriya-dharma).","step_count":7,"url":"/walk/mangala-walk"},"reason":"Dedicated festival walk for Pradoṣa Vrata is not live yet; Maṅgalavāra (Tuesday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"rajkot"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga October 31, 2028 CE · Rajkot, Gujarat · Vidhyamitra","description":"October 31, 2028 CE for Rajkot, Gujarat: Śukla Trayodaśī, sūryodaya 06:50, sūryāsta 18:10.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/rajkot/2028-10-31","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/rajkot/2028-10-31","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/rajkot/2028-10-31","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/rajkot/2028-10-31","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/rajkot/2028-10-31"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-07-27T18:09:38.970Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-07-27T18:09:38.970Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["modern-reference checked timing on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-07-27T18:09:38.970Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"},"reader_local_antaryami":{"reader_geography":"Every reader enters from their own kṣetra anywhere on Bhūmi; no founder-city is the universal center.","purna_chain":["Goloka/Vraja Rādhā-Krishna","Vaikuṇṭha Lakṣmī-Nārāyaṇa","Mahāviṣṇu/Kāraṇodakaśāyī Viṣṇu","Garbhodakaśāyī Viṣṇu","Brahmā","Kṣīrodaka Paramātmā/Antaryāmī (Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu)","Bhūmi","reader's own kṣetra anywhere on Bhūmi","exact reading kṣetra","Divyāṁśa-bhakta","chitta/vāṇī/aṅgulī","keyboard-silicon-pathways","Vidhyāmitra substrate","reader/seer","Krishna"],"antaryami_responsibility_formula":"Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu = Paramātmā = Antaryāmī. Jīva desires. Prakṛti executes through guṇas. Paramātmā witnesses, permits, remembers, guides, and sustains. Bhagavān is the ultimate source.","source_anchors":[{"label":"BG 13.23","path":"/bhagavad-gita/13/23","meaning":"upadraṣṭā-anumantā · witness-permitter"},{"label":"BG 15.15","path":"/bhagavad-gita/15/15","meaning":"the Lord seated in every heart as memory, knowledge, and forgetting"},{"label":"BG 18.61","path":"/bhagavad-gita/18/61","meaning":"Īśvara seated in the heart of all beings"}],"nama_seal":"Hare Krishna Hare Krishna · Krishna Krishna Hare Hare · Hare Rama Hare Rama · Rama Rama Hare Hare"}}}