{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:perth:2024-04-28:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/perth/2024-04-28","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"2024-04-28","date_display":"April 28, 2024 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2024,"month":4,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2460428.770833,"kali_year":5126,"ahargana":1871963.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":14.0792,"rashi":1,"rashi_name":"Meṣa"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":243.1968,"rashi":9,"rashi_name":"Dhanu"},"tithi":{"number":20,"name":"Pañcamī","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī","elongation_degrees":229.1176,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":1.1176},"nakshatra":{"number":19,"name":"Mūla","pada":1,"moon_longitude":243.1968,"elapsed_within_degrees":3.1968},"yoga":{"number":20,"name":"Śiva","sum_longitude":257.2761},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":38,"name":"Kaulava"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":2024,"month":4,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2460428.770833,"ahargana":1871963.2708,"kali_year":5126,"ayanamsa_lahiri":24.1928,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":14.060985000000016,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":2,"name":"Bharaṇī","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":241.05168500000002,"rashi":{"number":9,"name":"Dhanu"},"nakshatra":{"number":19,"name":"Mūla","pada":1},"retrograde":false,"latitude":-4.1954},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":333.453485,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":26,"name":"Uttara Bhādrapadā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":351.739785,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":27,"name":"Revatī","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":29.26448499999998,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":3,"name":"Kṛttikā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":3.7373850000000175,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":1,"name":"Aśvinī","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":322.27398500000004,"rashi":{"number":11,"name":"Kumbha"},"nakshatra":{"number":25,"name":"Pūrva Bhādrapadā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":354.3774,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":27,"name":"Revatī","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":174.3774,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":14,"name":"Citrā","pada":1},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2024,"month":4,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2460428.770833,"kali_year":5126,"ahargana":1871963.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":14.0792,"rashi":1,"rashi_name":"Meṣa"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":243.1968,"rashi":9,"rashi_name":"Dhanu"},"tithi":{"number":20,"name":"Pañcamī","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī","elongation_degrees":229.1176,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":1.1176},"nakshatra":{"number":19,"name":"Mūla","pada":1,"moon_longitude":243.1968,"elapsed_within_degrees":3.1968},"yoga":{"number":20,"name":"Śiva","sum_longitude":257.2761},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":38,"name":"Kaulava"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-4.195,"elongation":130.882},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-4.195,"opposition_distance":49.118}},"eclipse_window_40days":[{"offset_days":-4,"type":"lunar","occurs":true,"moon_latitude":-1.28,"opposition_distance":0.923}]},"city":{"slug":"perth","name":"Perth, Australia","lat":-31.9505,"lon":115.8605,"tz_offset_hours":8,"country":"AU","tier":"diaspora"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"perth","name":"Perth, Australia","lat":-31.9505,"lon":115.8605,"tz_offset_hours":8,"country":"AU","tier":"diaspora"},"sunriseLocal":"06:46","sunsetLocal":"17:42","solarNoonLocal":"12:14","dayLengthHours":10.920913934289716,"dayLengthDisplay":"10 Hours 55 Mins 15 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"13 Hours 04 Mins 45 Secs","moonriseLocal":"20:16","moonsetLocal":"10:28","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"16:20","end":"17:42","startHours":16.329769889434978,"endHours":17.694884131221194,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"12:14","end":"13:36","startHours":12.234427164076337,"endHours":13.59954140586255,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"14:58","end":"16:20","startHours":14.964655647648765,"endHours":16.329769889434978,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"09:19","end":"09:41","startHours":9.322183448265745,"endHours":9.686213912742069,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"07:14","end":"07:31","startHours":7.229008277526883,"endHours":7.520232649107942,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"11:52","end":"12:36","startHours":11.870396699600013,"endHours":12.59845762855266,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"05:19","end":"06:03","startHours":5.317848339026182,"endHours":6.04590926797883,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"05:52","end":"06:46","startHours":5.8638940357406675,"endHours":6.773970196931478,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"14:03","end":"14:47","startHours":14.054579486457955,"endHours":14.782640415410603,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"17:30","end":"17:54","startHours":17.494884131221195,"endHours":17.894884131221193,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"17:42","end":"18:09","startHours":17.694884131221194,"endHours":18.149922211816598,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"17:27","end":"19:12","startHours":17.444884131221194,"endHours":19.194884131221194,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"23:52","end":"00:36","startHours":23.87039669960001,"endHours":24.598457628552662,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Udveg","start":"06:46","end":"08:08","startHours":6.773970196931478,"endHours":8.139084438717692,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"08:08","end":"09:30","startHours":8.139084438717692,"endHours":9.504198680503906,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"09:30","end":"10:52","startHours":9.504198680503906,"endHours":10.86931292229012,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"10:52","end":"12:14","startHours":10.86931292229012,"endHours":12.234427164076337,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"12:14","end":"13:36","startHours":12.234427164076337,"endHours":13.59954140586255,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"13:36","end":"14:58","startHours":13.59954140586255,"endHours":14.964655647648765,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"14:58","end":"16:20","startHours":14.964655647648765,"endHours":16.329769889434978,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"16:20","end":"17:42","startHours":16.329769889434978,"endHours":17.694884131221194,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Śubha","start":"17:42","end":"19:20","startHours":17.694884131221194,"endHours":19.329769889434978,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"19:20","end":"20:58","startHours":19.329769889434978,"endHours":20.964655647648765,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"20:58","end":"22:36","startHours":20.964655647648765,"endHours":22.59954140586255,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"22:36","end":"00:14","startHours":22.59954140586255,"endHours":24.234427164076337,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"00:14","end":"01:52","startHours":24.234427164076337,"endHours":25.86931292229012,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"01:52","end":"03:30","startHours":25.86931292229012,"endHours":27.504198680503904,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"03:30","end":"05:08","startHours":27.504198680503904,"endHours":29.139084438717692,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"05:08","end":"06:46","startHours":29.139084438717692,"endHours":30.77397019693148,"quality":"auspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"06:46","end":"07:46","startHours":6.773970196931478,"endHours":7.773970196931478,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"07:46","end":"08:46","startHours":7.773970196931478,"endHours":8.773970196931478,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"08:46","end":"09:46","startHours":8.773970196931478,"endHours":9.773970196931478,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"09:46","end":"10:46","startHours":9.773970196931478,"endHours":10.773970196931478,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"10:46","end":"11:46","startHours":10.773970196931478,"endHours":11.773970196931478,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"11:46","end":"12:46","startHours":11.773970196931478,"endHours":12.773970196931478,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"12:46","end":"13:46","startHours":12.773970196931478,"endHours":13.773970196931478,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"13:46","end":"14:46","startHours":13.773970196931478,"endHours":14.773970196931478,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"14:46","end":"15:46","startHours":14.773970196931478,"endHours":15.773970196931478,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"15:46","end":"16:46","startHours":15.773970196931478,"endHours":16.77397019693148,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"16:46","end":"17:46","startHours":16.77397019693148,"endHours":17.77397019693148,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"17:46","end":"18:46","startHours":17.77397019693148,"endHours":18.77397019693148,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"18:46","end":"19:46","startHours":18.77397019693148,"endHours":19.77397019693148,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"19:46","end":"20:46","startHours":19.77397019693148,"endHours":20.77397019693148,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"20:46","end":"21:46","startHours":20.77397019693148,"endHours":21.77397019693148,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"21:46","end":"22:46","startHours":21.77397019693148,"endHours":22.77397019693148,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"22:46","end":"23:46","startHours":22.77397019693148,"endHours":23.77397019693148,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"23:46","end":"00:46","startHours":23.77397019693148,"endHours":24.77397019693148,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"00:46","end":"01:46","startHours":24.77397019693148,"endHours":25.77397019693148,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"01:46","end":"02:46","startHours":25.77397019693148,"endHours":26.77397019693148,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"02:46","end":"03:46","startHours":26.77397019693148,"endHours":27.77397019693148,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"03:46","end":"04:46","startHours":27.77397019693148,"endHours":28.77397019693148,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"04:46","end":"05:46","startHours":28.77397019693148,"endHours":29.77397019693148,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"05:46","end":"06:46","startHours":29.77397019693148,"endHours":30.77397019693148,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Bharaṇī","Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Ārdrā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Citrā","Svātī","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā","Śatabhiṣaj"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā","Revatī"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Vṛṣabha","Mithuna","Kanyā","Tulā","Dhanu","Kumbha"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Karka","Siṃha","Vṛścika","Makara","Mīna"]},"dishaShool":"West (Paścim)","chandraVasa":"East","rahuVasa":"North-East","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Siddhi","quality":"Auspicious"},"drikRitu":"Vasanta (Spring) (Drik)","vedicRitu":"Vasanta (Spring)","drikAyana":"Uttarāyaṇa","vedicAyana":"Uttarāyaṇa","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization (Drikpanchang-parity)","declination":14.255976596701432,"eotMinutes":2.4923701554198168,"ayanamsa":24.1928}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2081,"vikram_samvatsara":"Piṅgala","saka_samvat":1946,"saka_samvatsara":"Krodhi","bengali_samvat":1431,"malayalam_era":1200,"nanakshahi_year":555,"lunar_month":"Vaiśākha","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Vaiśākha Kṛṣṇa Pakṣa","solar_month":"Mēsha (Cittirai / Vaiśākhī)","ritu":"Vasanta (Spring)","display_summary":"Vaiśākha Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī · Vikram 2081 Piṅgala · Śaka 1946 Krodhi"},"festivals":[{"id":"mesha-sankranti","name":"Meṣa Saṅkrānti (Vaiśākhī / Vishu / Pohelā Boishākh / Bihu)","name_sanskrit":"मेष सङ्क्रान्ति","tradition":"Pan-Hindu","associated_deity":"Sūrya Bhagavān","significance":"Sun enters Aries; solar new year. Regional: Vaiśākhī (Punjab) · Vishu (Kerala) · Pohelā Boishākh (Bengal) · Bihu (Assam) · Tamil Puthāṇḍu.","vrata":false,"detection":{"sun_rashi":"Meṣa"},"precedence":1},{"id":"baisakhi","name":"Baisakhi (Vaiśākhī)","name_sanskrit":"वैशाखी","tradition":"Regional","associated_deity":"Sūrya + Khalsa Pantha (Sikh)","significance":"Punjab New Year + Sikh Khalsa founding day.","vrata":false,"detection":{"sun_rashi":"Meṣa"},"precedence":2}],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"surya-walk","name":"Sūrya Walk","name_sanskrit":"सूर्य यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Self-illumination + BG 4.1 (Sun-lineage of Gītā transmission).","step_count":6,"url":"/walk/surya-walk"},"reason":"Ravivāra (Sunday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"perth"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga April 28, 2024 CE · Perth, Australia · Vidhyamitra","description":"April 28, 2024 CE for Perth, Australia: Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī, sūryodaya 06:46, sūryāsta 17:42.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/perth/2024-04-28","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/perth/2024-04-28","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/perth/2024-04-28","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/perth/2024-04-28","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/perth/2024-04-28"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-05-14T21:18:55.950Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-05-14T21:18:55.950Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["matches Drikpanchang ±1 minute on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-05-14T21:18:55.950Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"}}}