{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:perth:2016-12-31:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/perth/2016-12-31","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"2016-12-31","date_display":"December 31, 2016 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2016,"month":12,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2457753.770833,"kali_year":5118,"ahargana":1869288.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":255.4164,"rashi":9,"rashi_name":"Dhanu"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":276.2069,"rashi":10,"rashi_name":"Makara"},"tithi":{"number":2,"name":"Dvitīyā","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Dvitīyā","elongation_degrees":20.7905,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":8.7905},"nakshatra":{"number":21,"name":"Uttara Āṣāḍhā","pada":3,"moon_longitude":276.2069,"elapsed_within_degrees":9.5402},"yoga":{"number":13,"name":"Vyāghāta","sum_longitude":171.6233},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":3,"name":"Kaulava"},"vara":{"number":1,"name":"Śanivāra (Saturday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":2016,"month":12,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2457753.770833,"ahargana":1869288.2708,"kali_year":5118,"ayanamsa_lahiri":24.0905,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":255.69869000000006,"rashi":{"number":9,"name":"Dhanu"},"nakshatra":{"number":20,"name":"Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":275.72159,"rashi":{"number":10,"name":"Makara"},"nakshatra":{"number":21,"name":"Uttara Āṣāḍhā","pada":3},"retrograde":false,"latitude":2.8851},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":314.45818999999995,"rashi":{"number":11,"name":"Kumbha"},"nakshatra":{"number":24,"name":"Śatabhiṣā","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":250.06839000000002,"rashi":{"number":9,"name":"Dhanu"},"nakshatra":{"number":19,"name":"Mūla","pada":4},"retrograde":true},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":176.44238999999993,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":14,"name":"Citrā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":302.11569,"rashi":{"number":11,"name":"Kumbha"},"nakshatra":{"number":23,"name":"Dhaniṣṭhā","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":236.98039000000006,"rashi":{"number":8,"name":"Vṛścika"},"nakshatra":{"number":18,"name":"Jyeṣṭhā","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":136.1118,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":11,"name":"Pūrva Phalgunī","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":316.1118,"rashi":{"number":11,"name":"Kumbha"},"nakshatra":{"number":24,"name":"Śatabhiṣā","pada":3},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2016,"month":12,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2457753.770833,"kali_year":5118,"ahargana":1869288.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":255.4164,"rashi":9,"rashi_name":"Dhanu"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":276.2069,"rashi":10,"rashi_name":"Makara"},"tithi":{"number":2,"name":"Dvitīyā","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Dvitīyā","elongation_degrees":20.7905,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":8.7905},"nakshatra":{"number":21,"name":"Uttara Āṣāḍhā","pada":3,"moon_longitude":276.2069,"elapsed_within_degrees":9.5402},"yoga":{"number":13,"name":"Vyāghāta","sum_longitude":171.6233},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":3,"name":"Kaulava"},"vara":{"number":1,"name":"Śanivāra (Saturday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":2.885,"elongation":20.79},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":2.885,"opposition_distance":159.21}},"eclipse_window_40days":[]},"city":{"slug":"perth","name":"Perth, Australia","lat":-31.9505,"lon":115.8605,"tz_offset_hours":8,"country":"AU","tier":"diaspora"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"perth","name":"Perth, Australia","lat":-31.9505,"lon":115.8605,"tz_offset_hours":8,"country":"AU","tier":"diaspora"},"sunriseLocal":"05:14","sunsetLocal":"19:26","solarNoonLocal":"12:20","dayLengthHours":14.202460273281929,"dayLengthDisplay":"14 Hours 12 Mins 09 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"9 Hours 47 Mins 51 Secs","moonriseLocal":"06:44","moonsetLocal":"20:36","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"08:47","end":"10:33","startHours":8.779622180409607,"endHours":10.554929714569848,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"14:06","end":"15:53","startHours":14.10554478289033,"endHours":15.880852317050572,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"05:14","end":"07:00","startHours":5.229007112089125,"endHours":7.004314646249366,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"08:33","end":"09:01","startHours":8.542914509188241,"endHours":9.016329851630973,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"05:49","end":"06:12","startHours":5.820776290142539,"endHours":6.199508564096724,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"11:51","end":"12:48","startHours":11.856821906287358,"endHours":12.80365259117282,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"03:20","end":"04:17","startHours":3.335345742318201,"endHours":4.282176427203662,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"04:03","end":"05:14","startHours":4.045468755982297,"endHours":5.229007112089125,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"14:42","end":"15:39","startHours":14.697313960943745,"endHours":15.644144645829208,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"19:14","end":"19:38","startHours":19.231467385371054,"endHours":19.631467385371053,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"19:26","end":"20:01","startHours":19.431467385371054,"endHours":20.02323656342447,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"19:11","end":"20:56","startHours":19.181467385371054,"endHours":20.931467385371054,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"23:51","end":"00:48","startHours":23.856821906287358,"endHours":24.80365259117282,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Kāla","start":"05:14","end":"07:00","startHours":5.229007112089125,"endHours":7.004314646249366,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"07:00","end":"08:47","startHours":7.004314646249366,"endHours":8.779622180409607,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"08:47","end":"10:33","startHours":8.779622180409607,"endHours":10.554929714569848,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"10:33","end":"12:20","startHours":10.554929714569848,"endHours":12.33023724873009,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"12:20","end":"14:06","startHours":12.33023724873009,"endHours":14.10554478289033,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"14:06","end":"15:53","startHours":14.10554478289033,"endHours":15.880852317050572,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"15:53","end":"17:39","startHours":15.880852317050572,"endHours":17.656159851210813,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"17:39","end":"19:26","startHours":17.656159851210813,"endHours":19.431467385371054,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Labha","start":"19:26","end":"20:39","startHours":19.431467385371054,"endHours":20.656159851210813,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"20:39","end":"21:53","startHours":20.656159851210813,"endHours":21.88085231705057,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"21:53","end":"23:06","startHours":21.88085231705057,"endHours":23.10554478289033,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"23:06","end":"00:20","startHours":23.10554478289033,"endHours":24.33023724873009,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"00:20","end":"01:33","startHours":24.33023724873009,"endHours":25.554929714569848,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"01:33","end":"02:47","startHours":25.554929714569848,"endHours":26.779622180409607,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"02:47","end":"04:00","startHours":26.779622180409607,"endHours":28.004314646249366,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"04:00","end":"05:14","startHours":28.004314646249366,"endHours":29.229007112089125,"quality":"auspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"05:14","end":"06:14","startHours":5.229007112089125,"endHours":6.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"06:14","end":"07:14","startHours":6.229007112089125,"endHours":7.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"07:14","end":"08:14","startHours":7.229007112089125,"endHours":8.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"08:14","end":"09:14","startHours":8.229007112089125,"endHours":9.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"09:14","end":"10:14","startHours":9.229007112089125,"endHours":10.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"10:14","end":"11:14","startHours":10.229007112089125,"endHours":11.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"11:14","end":"12:14","startHours":11.229007112089125,"endHours":12.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"12:14","end":"13:14","startHours":12.229007112089125,"endHours":13.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"13:14","end":"14:14","startHours":13.229007112089125,"endHours":14.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"14:14","end":"15:14","startHours":14.229007112089125,"endHours":15.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"15:14","end":"16:14","startHours":15.229007112089125,"endHours":16.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"16:14","end":"17:14","startHours":16.229007112089125,"endHours":17.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"17:14","end":"18:14","startHours":17.229007112089125,"endHours":18.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"18:14","end":"19:14","startHours":18.229007112089125,"endHours":19.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"19:14","end":"20:14","startHours":19.229007112089125,"endHours":20.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"20:14","end":"21:14","startHours":20.229007112089125,"endHours":21.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"21:14","end":"22:14","startHours":21.229007112089125,"endHours":22.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"22:14","end":"23:14","startHours":22.229007112089125,"endHours":23.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"23:14","end":"00:14","startHours":23.229007112089125,"endHours":24.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"00:14","end":"01:14","startHours":24.229007112089125,"endHours":25.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"01:14","end":"02:14","startHours":25.229007112089125,"endHours":26.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"02:14","end":"03:14","startHours":26.229007112089125,"endHours":27.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"03:14","end":"04:14","startHours":27.229007112089125,"endHours":28.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"04:14","end":"05:14","startHours":28.229007112089125,"endHours":29.229007112089125,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Ārdrā","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Hasta","Citrā","Svātī","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā","Śatabhiṣaj","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Bharaṇī","Kṛttikā","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Uttara Phalgunī","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Revatī"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Mithuna","Karka","Tulā","Vṛścika","Makara","Mīna"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Vṛṣabha","Siṃha","Kanyā","Dhanu","Kumbha"]},"dishaShool":"East (Pūrva)","chandraVasa":"South-East","rahuVasa":"East","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Mṛtyu","quality":"Inauspicious"},"drikRitu":"Hemanta (Pre-winter) (Drik)","vedicRitu":"Hemanta (Pre-winter)","drikAyana":"Uttarāyaṇa","vedicAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization (Drikpanchang-parity)","declination":-23.075357658077046,"eotMinutes":-3.2562349238053434,"ayanamsa":24.0905}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2073,"vikram_samvatsara":"Saumya","saka_samvat":1938,"saka_samvatsara":"Durmukhi","bengali_samvat":1423,"malayalam_era":1192,"nanakshahi_year":547,"lunar_month":"Pauṣa","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Pauṣa Śukla Pakṣa","solar_month":"Dhanus (Mārgaḻi)","ritu":"Hemanta (Pre-winter)","display_summary":"Pauṣa Śukla Dvitīyā · Vikram 2073 Saumya · Śaka 1938 Durmukhi"},"festivals":[{"id":"lohri","name":"Lohri","name_sanskrit":"लोहड़ी","tradition":"Regional","significance":"Punjab harvest festival; eve of Makara Saṅkrānti. (Approximated as 13/14 January annually; correct via Sun in Dhanu/Makara cusp.)","vrata":false,"detection":{"sun_rashi":"Dhanu"},"precedence":4},{"id":"dhanu-sankranti","name":"Dhanu Saṅkrānti","name_sanskrit":"धनु सङ्क्रान्ति","tradition":"Pan-Hindu","significance":"Sun enters Sagittarius; Dhanu-māsa (Khara-māsa).","vrata":false,"detection":{"sun_rashi":"Dhanu"},"precedence":5}],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"shani-walk","name":"Śani Walk","name_sanskrit":"शनि यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Tapas + endurance + BG 17.14-19.","step_count":7,"url":"/walk/shani-walk"},"reason":"Śanivāra (Saturday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"perth"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga December 31, 2016 CE · Perth, Australia · Vidhyamitra","description":"December 31, 2016 CE for Perth, Australia: Śukla Dvitīyā, sūryodaya 05:14, sūryāsta 19:26.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/perth/2016-12-31","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/perth/2016-12-31","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/perth/2016-12-31","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/perth/2016-12-31","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/perth/2016-12-31"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-05-15T11:16:39.549Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-05-15T11:16:39.549Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["matches Drikpanchang ±1 minute on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-05-15T11:16:39.549Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"}}}