{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:madurai:1997-10-01:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/madurai/1997-10-01","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"1997-10-01","date_display":"October 1, 1997 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Not independently benchmarked across the declared range","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":1997,"month":10,"day":1,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2450722.770833,"kali_year":5099,"ahargana":1862257.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":163.3445,"rashi":6,"rashi_name":"Kanyā"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":156.4464,"rashi":6,"rashi_name":"Kanyā"},"tithi":{"number":30,"name":"Amāvasyā","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Amāvasyā","elongation_degrees":353.102,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":5.102},"nakshatra":{"number":12,"name":"Uttara Phalgunī","pada":3,"moon_longitude":156.4464,"elapsed_within_degrees":9.7798},"yoga":{"number":24,"name":"Śukla","sum_longitude":319.7909},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":58,"name":"Catuṣpāda"},"vara":{"number":5,"name":"Budhavāra (Wednesday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":1997,"month":10,"day":1,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2450722.770833,"ahargana":1862257.2708,"kali_year":5099,"ayanamsa_lahiri":23.8216,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":164.08472600000005,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":13,"name":"Hasta","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":156.92762599999992,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":12,"name":"Uttara Phalgunī","pada":4},"retrograde":false,"latitude":0.61},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":217.68022599999995,"rashi":{"number":8,"name":"Vṛścika"},"nakshatra":{"number":17,"name":"Anurādhā","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":154.07122600000002,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":12,"name":"Uttara Phalgunī","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":288.35832600000003,"rashi":{"number":10,"name":"Makara"},"nakshatra":{"number":22,"name":"Śravaṇa","pada":3},"retrograde":true},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":208.031426,"rashi":{"number":7,"name":"Tulā"},"nakshatra":{"number":16,"name":"Viśākhā","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":353.745026,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":27,"name":"Revatī","pada":3},"retrograde":true},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":148.648,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":12,"name":"Uttara Phalgunī","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":328.648,"rashi":{"number":11,"name":"Kumbha"},"nakshatra":{"number":25,"name":"Pūrva Bhādrapadā","pada":3},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Not independently benchmarked across the declared range","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":1997,"month":10,"day":1,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2450722.770833,"kali_year":5099,"ahargana":1862257.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":163.3445,"rashi":6,"rashi_name":"Kanyā"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":156.4464,"rashi":6,"rashi_name":"Kanyā"},"tithi":{"number":30,"name":"Amāvasyā","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Amāvasyā","elongation_degrees":353.102,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":5.102},"nakshatra":{"number":12,"name":"Uttara Phalgunī","pada":3,"moon_longitude":156.4464,"elapsed_within_degrees":9.7798},"yoga":{"number":24,"name":"Śukla","sum_longitude":319.7909},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":58,"name":"Catuṣpāda"},"vara":{"number":5,"name":"Budhavāra (Wednesday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":0.61,"elongation":6.898},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":0.61,"opposition_distance":173.102}},"eclipse_window_40days":[]},"city":{"slug":"madurai","name":"Madurai, Tamil Nadu","lat":9.9252,"lon":78.1198,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Tamil Nadu","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"madurai","name":"Madurai, Tamil Nadu","lat":9.9252,"lon":78.1198,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Tamil Nadu","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"sunriseLocal":"06:05","sunsetLocal":"18:08","solarNoonLocal":"12:06","dayLengthHours":12.039676258979572,"dayLengthDisplay":"12 Hours 02 Mins 23 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"11 Hours 57 Mins 37 Secs","moonriseLocal":"05:36","moonsetLocal":"17:40","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"12:06","end":"13:37","startHours":12.105883930223593,"endHours":13.610843462596039,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"07:35","end":"09:06","startHours":7.591005333106253,"endHours":9.095964865478699,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"10:36","end":"12:06","startHours":10.600924397851147,"endHours":12.105883930223593,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"08:54","end":"09:18","startHours":8.895303594495706,"endHours":9.296626136461693,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"06:35","end":"06:55","startHours":6.587698978191289,"endHours":6.908757011764078,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"11:42","end":"12:30","startHours":11.704561388257607,"endHours":12.507206472189578,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"04:29","end":"05:17","startHours":4.4807556328698634,"endHours":5.283400716801835,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"05:05","end":"06:05","startHours":5.082739445818842,"endHours":6.086045800733807,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"14:07","end":"14:55","startHours":14.112496640053521,"endHours":14.915141723985492,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"17:56","end":"18:20","startHours":17.92572205971338,"endHours":18.325722059713378,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"18:08","end":"18:38","startHours":18.12572205971338,"endHours":18.62737523717086,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"17:53","end":"19:38","startHours":17.87572205971338,"endHours":19.62572205971338,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"23:42","end":"00:30","startHours":23.704561388257606,"endHours":24.507206472189576,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Labha","start":"06:05","end":"07:35","startHours":6.086045800733807,"endHours":7.591005333106253,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"07:35","end":"09:06","startHours":7.591005333106253,"endHours":9.095964865478699,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"09:06","end":"10:36","startHours":9.095964865478699,"endHours":10.600924397851147,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"10:36","end":"12:06","startHours":10.600924397851147,"endHours":12.105883930223593,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"12:06","end":"13:37","startHours":12.105883930223593,"endHours":13.610843462596039,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"13:37","end":"15:07","startHours":13.610843462596039,"endHours":15.115802994968487,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"15:07","end":"16:37","startHours":15.115802994968487,"endHours":16.620762527340933,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"16:37","end":"18:08","startHours":16.620762527340933,"endHours":18.12572205971338,"quality":"auspicious"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Udveg","start":"18:08","end":"19:37","startHours":18.12572205971338,"endHours":19.620762527340933,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"19:37","end":"21:07","startHours":19.620762527340933,"endHours":21.115802994968487,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"21:07","end":"22:37","startHours":21.115802994968487,"endHours":22.610843462596037,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"22:37","end":"00:06","startHours":22.610843462596037,"endHours":24.10588393022359,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"00:06","end":"01:36","startHours":24.10588393022359,"endHours":25.600924397851145,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"01:36","end":"03:06","startHours":25.600924397851145,"endHours":27.0959648654787,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"03:06","end":"04:35","startHours":27.0959648654787,"endHours":28.591005333106253,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"04:35","end":"06:05","startHours":28.591005333106253,"endHours":30.086045800733807,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"06:05","end":"07:05","startHours":6.086045800733807,"endHours":7.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"07:05","end":"08:05","startHours":7.086045800733807,"endHours":8.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"08:05","end":"09:05","startHours":8.086045800733807,"endHours":9.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"09:05","end":"10:05","startHours":9.086045800733807,"endHours":10.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"10:05","end":"11:05","startHours":10.086045800733807,"endHours":11.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"11:05","end":"12:05","startHours":11.086045800733807,"endHours":12.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"12:05","end":"13:05","startHours":12.086045800733807,"endHours":13.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"13:05","end":"14:05","startHours":13.086045800733807,"endHours":14.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"14:05","end":"15:05","startHours":14.086045800733807,"endHours":15.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"15:05","end":"16:05","startHours":15.086045800733807,"endHours":16.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"16:05","end":"17:05","startHours":16.086045800733807,"endHours":17.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"17:05","end":"18:05","startHours":17.086045800733807,"endHours":18.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"18:05","end":"19:05","startHours":18.086045800733807,"endHours":19.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"19:05","end":"20:05","startHours":19.086045800733807,"endHours":20.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"20:05","end":"21:05","startHours":20.086045800733807,"endHours":21.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"21:05","end":"22:05","startHours":21.086045800733807,"endHours":22.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"22:05","end":"23:05","startHours":22.086045800733807,"endHours":23.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"23:05","end":"00:05","startHours":23.086045800733807,"endHours":24.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"00:05","end":"01:05","startHours":24.086045800733807,"endHours":25.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"01:05","end":"02:05","startHours":25.086045800733807,"endHours":26.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"02:05","end":"03:05","startHours":26.086045800733807,"endHours":27.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"03:05","end":"04:05","startHours":27.086045800733807,"endHours":28.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"04:05","end":"05:05","startHours":28.086045800733807,"endHours":29.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"05:05","end":"06:05","startHours":29.086045800733807,"endHours":30.086045800733807,"planetary_lord":"Sun"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Ārdrā","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Hasta","Citrā","Svātī","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā","Śatabhiṣaj","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Bharaṇī","Kṛttikā","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Uttara Phalgunī","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Revatī"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Mithuna","Karka","Kanyā","Vṛścika","Kumbha","Mīna"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Vṛṣabha","Siṃha","Tulā","Dhanu","Makara"]},"dishaShool":"North (Uttara)","chandraVasa":"North-West","rahuVasa":"South-West","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Mātaṇga","quality":"Auspicious"},"tropicalRitu":"Śarad (Autumn) (tropical)","vedicRitu":"Varṣā (Monsoon)","tropicalAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","vedicAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization","declination":-3.1361981140939235,"eotMinutes":11.167764186584405,"ayanamsa":23.8216}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2054,"vikram_samvatsara":"Vikṛti","saka_samvat":1919,"saka_samvatsara":"Īśvara","bengali_samvat":1404,"malayalam_era":1173,"nanakshahi_year":528,"lunar_month":"Āśvina","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Āśvina Kṛṣṇa Pakṣa","lunar_month_system":"purnimanta","lunar_month_purnimanta":"Āśvina","lunar_month_amanta":"Bhādrapada","lunar_month_is_adhika":false,"lunar_month_purnimanta_is_adhika":false,"lunar_month_amanta_is_adhika":false,"solar_month":"Kanyā (Puraṭṭāsi)","ritu":"Śarad (Autumn)","display_summary":"Āśvina Kṛṣṇa Amāvasyā · Vikram 2054 Vikṛti · Śaka 1919 Īśvara"},"festivals":[{"id":"mahalaya-amavasya","name":"Mahālaya Amāvasyā (Sarvapitṛ Amāvasyā)","name_sanskrit":"महालय अमावस्या","tradition":"Pan-Hindu","associated_deity":"Pitṛ-deva","significance":"Final day of Pitṛ-Pakṣa; tarpaṇa for all ancestors.","vrata":true,"detection":{"tithi_number":30,"tithi_paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","lunar_month":"Āśvina"},"precedence":1}],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"budha-walk","name":"Budha Walk","name_sanskrit":"बुध यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Discrimination + BG 2.41 (vyavasāyātmikā buddhi).","step_count":6,"url":"/walk/budha-walk"},"reason":"Dedicated festival walk for Mahālaya Amāvasyā (Sarvapitṛ Amāvasyā) is not live yet; Budhavāra (Wednesday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"madurai"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga October 1, 1997 CE · Madurai, Tamil Nadu · Vidhyamitra","description":"October 1, 1997 CE for Madurai, Tamil Nadu: Kṛṣṇa Amāvasyā, sūryodaya 06:05, sūryāsta 18:08.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/madurai/1997-10-01","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/madurai/1997-10-01","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/madurai/1997-10-01","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/madurai/1997-10-01","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/madurai/1997-10-01"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-09-23T20:17:13.911Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-09-23T20:17:13.911Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["modern-reference checked timing on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-09-23T20:17:13.911Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"},"reader_local_antaryami":{"reader_geography":"Every reader enters from their own kṣetra anywhere on Bhūmi; no single city is the universal center.","purna_chain":["Hosted scripture","Named-tradition interpretation","Original Vidhyamitra contemplation","Bhūmi-born material medium","Vidhyamitra portal","Responsible reader in their own kṣetra"],"claim_boundary":"The legacy purna_chain field carries a source-to-reader sequence, not a revealed physical descent, universal cosmology, or proof that software is conscious.","antaryami_responsibility_formula":"Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu = Paramātmā = Antaryāmī. Jīva desires. Prakṛti executes through guṇas. Paramātmā witnesses, permits, remembers, guides, and sustains. Bhagavān is the ultimate source.","source_anchors":[{"label":"BG 13.23","path":"/bhagavad-gita/13/23","meaning":"upadraṣṭā-anumantā · witness-permitter"},{"label":"BG 15.15","path":"/bhagavad-gita/15/15","meaning":"the Lord seated in every heart as memory, knowledge, and forgetting"},{"label":"BG 18.61","path":"/bhagavad-gita/18/61","meaning":"Īśvara seated in the heart of all beings"}],"nama_seal":"Hare Krishna Hare Krishna · Krishna Krishna Hare Hare · Hare Rama Hare Rama · Rama Rama Hare Hare"}}}