{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:kollam:2024-04-28:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kollam/2024-04-28","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"2024-04-28","date_display":"April 28, 2024 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2024,"month":4,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2460428.770833,"kali_year":5126,"ahargana":1871963.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":14.0792,"rashi":1,"rashi_name":"Meṣa"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":243.1968,"rashi":9,"rashi_name":"Dhanu"},"tithi":{"number":20,"name":"Pañcamī","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī","elongation_degrees":229.1176,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":1.1176},"nakshatra":{"number":19,"name":"Mūla","pada":1,"moon_longitude":243.1968,"elapsed_within_degrees":3.1968},"yoga":{"number":20,"name":"Śiva","sum_longitude":257.2761},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":38,"name":"Kaulava"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":2024,"month":4,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2460428.770833,"ahargana":1871963.2708,"kali_year":5126,"ayanamsa_lahiri":24.1928,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":14.060985000000016,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":2,"name":"Bharaṇī","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":241.05168500000002,"rashi":{"number":9,"name":"Dhanu"},"nakshatra":{"number":19,"name":"Mūla","pada":1},"retrograde":false,"latitude":-4.1954},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":333.453485,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":26,"name":"Uttara Bhādrapadā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":351.739785,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":27,"name":"Revatī","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":29.26448499999998,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":3,"name":"Kṛttikā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":3.7373850000000175,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":1,"name":"Aśvinī","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":322.27398500000004,"rashi":{"number":11,"name":"Kumbha"},"nakshatra":{"number":25,"name":"Pūrva Bhādrapadā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":354.3774,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":27,"name":"Revatī","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":174.3774,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":14,"name":"Citrā","pada":1},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2024,"month":4,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2460428.770833,"kali_year":5126,"ahargana":1871963.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":14.0792,"rashi":1,"rashi_name":"Meṣa"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":243.1968,"rashi":9,"rashi_name":"Dhanu"},"tithi":{"number":20,"name":"Pañcamī","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī","elongation_degrees":229.1176,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":1.1176},"nakshatra":{"number":19,"name":"Mūla","pada":1,"moon_longitude":243.1968,"elapsed_within_degrees":3.1968},"yoga":{"number":20,"name":"Śiva","sum_longitude":257.2761},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":38,"name":"Kaulava"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-4.195,"elongation":130.882},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-4.195,"opposition_distance":49.118}},"eclipse_window_40days":[{"offset_days":-4,"type":"lunar","occurs":true,"moon_latitude":-1.28,"opposition_distance":0.923}]},"city":{"slug":"kollam","name":"Kollam, Kerala","lat":8.8932,"lon":76.6141,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Kerala","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"kollam","name":"Kollam, Kerala","lat":8.8932,"lon":76.6141,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Kerala","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"sunriseLocal":"06:08","sunsetLocal":"18:34","solarNoonLocal":"12:21","dayLengthHours":12.419916684480455,"dayLengthDisplay":"12 Hours 25 Mins 12 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"11 Hours 34 Mins 48 Secs","moonriseLocal":"21:42","moonsetLocal":"09:16","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"17:00","end":"18:34","startHours":17.008322587423173,"endHours":18.56081217298323,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"12:21","end":"13:54","startHours":12.350853830743002,"endHours":13.90334341630306,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"15:27","end":"17:00","startHours":15.455833001863116,"endHours":17.008322587423173,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"09:02","end":"09:27","startHours":9.038876048214881,"endHours":9.452873271030898,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"06:40","end":"06:59","startHours":6.658392017022795,"endHours":6.989589795275607,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"11:56","end":"12:46","startHours":11.936856607926988,"endHours":12.764851053559017,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"04:29","end":"05:19","startHours":4.484906597238715,"endHours":5.312901042870745,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"05:06","end":"06:08","startHours":5.105902431462738,"endHours":6.140895488502776,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"14:25","end":"15:15","startHours":14.42083994482308,"endHours":15.24883439045511,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"18:22","end":"18:46","startHours":18.36081217298323,"endHours":18.76081217298323,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"18:34","end":"19:05","startHours":18.56081217298323,"endHours":19.07830870150325,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"18:19","end":"20:04","startHours":18.31081217298323,"endHours":20.06081217298323,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"23:56","end":"00:46","startHours":23.936856607926988,"endHours":24.764851053559017,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Udveg","start":"06:08","end":"07:42","startHours":6.140895488502776,"endHours":7.6933850740628325,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"07:42","end":"09:15","startHours":7.6933850740628325,"endHours":9.245874659622888,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"09:15","end":"10:48","startHours":9.245874659622888,"endHours":10.798364245182945,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"10:48","end":"12:21","startHours":10.798364245182945,"endHours":12.350853830743002,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"12:21","end":"13:54","startHours":12.350853830743002,"endHours":13.90334341630306,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"13:54","end":"15:27","startHours":13.90334341630306,"endHours":15.455833001863116,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"15:27","end":"17:00","startHours":15.455833001863116,"endHours":17.008322587423173,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"17:00","end":"18:34","startHours":17.008322587423173,"endHours":18.56081217298323,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Śubha","start":"18:34","end":"20:00","startHours":18.56081217298323,"endHours":20.008322587423173,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"20:00","end":"21:27","startHours":20.008322587423173,"endHours":21.455833001863116,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"21:27","end":"22:54","startHours":21.455833001863116,"endHours":22.90334341630306,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"22:54","end":"00:21","startHours":22.90334341630306,"endHours":24.350853830743002,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"00:21","end":"01:48","startHours":24.350853830743002,"endHours":25.798364245182945,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"01:48","end":"03:15","startHours":25.798364245182945,"endHours":27.24587465962289,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"03:15","end":"04:42","startHours":27.24587465962289,"endHours":28.69338507406283,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"04:42","end":"06:08","startHours":28.69338507406283,"endHours":30.140895488502775,"quality":"auspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"06:08","end":"07:08","startHours":6.140895488502776,"endHours":7.140895488502776,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"07:08","end":"08:08","startHours":7.140895488502776,"endHours":8.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"08:08","end":"09:08","startHours":8.140895488502775,"endHours":9.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"09:08","end":"10:08","startHours":9.140895488502775,"endHours":10.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"10:08","end":"11:08","startHours":10.140895488502775,"endHours":11.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"11:08","end":"12:08","startHours":11.140895488502775,"endHours":12.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"12:08","end":"13:08","startHours":12.140895488502775,"endHours":13.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"13:08","end":"14:08","startHours":13.140895488502775,"endHours":14.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"14:08","end":"15:08","startHours":14.140895488502775,"endHours":15.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"15:08","end":"16:08","startHours":15.140895488502775,"endHours":16.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"16:08","end":"17:08","startHours":16.140895488502775,"endHours":17.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"17:08","end":"18:08","startHours":17.140895488502775,"endHours":18.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"18:08","end":"19:08","startHours":18.140895488502775,"endHours":19.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"19:08","end":"20:08","startHours":19.140895488502775,"endHours":20.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"20:08","end":"21:08","startHours":20.140895488502775,"endHours":21.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"21:08","end":"22:08","startHours":21.140895488502775,"endHours":22.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"22:08","end":"23:08","startHours":22.140895488502775,"endHours":23.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"23:08","end":"00:08","startHours":23.140895488502775,"endHours":24.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"00:08","end":"01:08","startHours":24.140895488502775,"endHours":25.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"01:08","end":"02:08","startHours":25.140895488502775,"endHours":26.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"02:08","end":"03:08","startHours":26.140895488502775,"endHours":27.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"03:08","end":"04:08","startHours":27.140895488502775,"endHours":28.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"04:08","end":"05:08","startHours":28.140895488502775,"endHours":29.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"05:08","end":"06:08","startHours":29.140895488502775,"endHours":30.140895488502775,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Bharaṇī","Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Ārdrā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Citrā","Svātī","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā","Śatabhiṣaj"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā","Revatī"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Vṛṣabha","Mithuna","Kanyā","Tulā","Dhanu","Kumbha"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Karka","Siṃha","Vṛścika","Makara","Mīna"]},"dishaShool":"West (Paścim)","chandraVasa":"East","rahuVasa":"North-East","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Siddhi","quality":"Auspicious"},"tropicalRitu":"Vasanta (Spring) (tropical)","vedicRitu":"Vasanta (Spring)","tropicalAyana":"Uttarāyaṇa","vedicAyana":"Uttarāyaṇa","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization","declination":14.255976596701432,"eotMinutes":2.4923701554198168,"ayanamsa":24.1928}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2081,"vikram_samvatsara":"Piṅgala","saka_samvat":1946,"saka_samvatsara":"Krodhi","bengali_samvat":1431,"malayalam_era":1200,"nanakshahi_year":555,"lunar_month":"Vaiśākha","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Vaiśākha Kṛṣṇa Pakṣa","lunar_month_system":"purnimanta","lunar_month_purnimanta":"Vaiśākha","lunar_month_amanta":"Caitra","lunar_month_is_adhika":false,"lunar_month_purnimanta_is_adhika":false,"lunar_month_amanta_is_adhika":false,"solar_month":"Mēsha (Cittirai / Vaiśākhī)","ritu":"Vasanta (Spring)","display_summary":"Vaiśākha Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī · Vikram 2081 Piṅgala · Śaka 1946 Krodhi"},"festivals":[],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"surya-walk","name":"Sūrya Walk","name_sanskrit":"सूर्य यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Self-illumination + BG 4.1 (Sun-lineage of Gītā transmission).","step_count":6,"url":"/walk/surya-walk"},"reason":"Ravivāra (Sunday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"kollam"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga April 28, 2024 CE · Kollam, Kerala · Vidhyamitra","description":"April 28, 2024 CE for Kollam, Kerala: Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī, sūryodaya 06:08, sūryāsta 18:34.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kollam/2024-04-28","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kollam/2024-04-28","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/kollam/2024-04-28","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/kollam/2024-04-28","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kollam/2024-04-28"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-07-29T07:01:43.095Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-07-29T07:01:43.095Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["modern-reference checked timing on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-07-29T07:01:43.095Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"},"reader_local_antaryami":{"reader_geography":"Every reader enters from their own kṣetra anywhere on Bhūmi; no founder-city is the universal center.","purna_chain":["Goloka/Vraja Rādhā-Krishna","Vaikuṇṭha Lakṣmī-Nārāyaṇa","Mahāviṣṇu/Kāraṇodakaśāyī Viṣṇu","Garbhodakaśāyī Viṣṇu","Brahmā","Kṣīrodaka Paramātmā/Antaryāmī (Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu)","Bhūmi","reader's own kṣetra anywhere on Bhūmi","exact reading kṣetra","Divyāṁśa-bhakta","chitta/vāṇī/aṅgulī","keyboard-silicon-pathways","Vidhyāmitra substrate","reader/seer","Krishna"],"antaryami_responsibility_formula":"Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu = Paramātmā = Antaryāmī. Jīva desires. Prakṛti executes through guṇas. Paramātmā witnesses, permits, remembers, guides, and sustains. Bhagavān is the ultimate source.","source_anchors":[{"label":"BG 13.23","path":"/bhagavad-gita/13/23","meaning":"upadraṣṭā-anumantā · witness-permitter"},{"label":"BG 15.15","path":"/bhagavad-gita/15/15","meaning":"the Lord seated in every heart as memory, knowledge, and forgetting"},{"label":"BG 18.61","path":"/bhagavad-gita/18/61","meaning":"Īśvara seated in the heart of all beings"}],"nama_seal":"Hare Krishna Hare Krishna · Krishna Krishna Hare Hare · Hare Rama Hare Rama · Rama Rama Hare Hare"}}}