{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:kolhapur:2031-09-28:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/2031-09-28","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"2031-09-28","date_display":"September 28, 2031 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2031,"month":9,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2463137.770833,"kali_year":5133,"ahargana":1874672.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":159.6163,"rashi":6,"rashi_name":"Kanyā"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":304.8601,"rashi":11,"rashi_name":"Kumbha"},"tithi":{"number":13,"name":"Trayodaśī","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Trayodaśī","elongation_degrees":145.2439,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":1.2439},"nakshatra":{"number":23,"name":"Dhaniṣṭhā","pada":4,"moon_longitude":304.8601,"elapsed_within_degrees":11.5268},"yoga":{"number":8,"name":"Dhṛti","sum_longitude":104.4764},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":24,"name":"Kaulava"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":2031,"month":9,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2463137.770833,"ahargana":1874672.2708,"kali_year":5133,"ayanamsa_lahiri":24.2964,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":160.43738099999996,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":13,"name":"Hasta","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":303.796881,"rashi":{"number":11,"name":"Kumbha"},"nakshatra":{"number":23,"name":"Dhaniṣṭhā","pada":4},"retrograde":false,"latitude":4.4889},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":236.58328099999994,"rashi":{"number":8,"name":"Vṛścika"},"nakshatra":{"number":18,"name":"Jyeṣṭhā","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":163.131481,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":13,"name":"Hasta","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":237.52478099999996,"rashi":{"number":8,"name":"Vṛścika"},"nakshatra":{"number":18,"name":"Jyeṣṭhā","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":116.12738100000001,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":9,"name":"Aśleṣā","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":58.50768099999999,"rashi":{"number":2,"name":"Vṛṣabha"},"nakshatra":{"number":5,"name":"Mr̥gaśirā","pada":2},"retrograde":true},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":210.8415,"rashi":{"number":8,"name":"Vṛścika"},"nakshatra":{"number":16,"name":"Viśākhā","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":30.8415,"rashi":{"number":2,"name":"Vṛṣabha"},"nakshatra":{"number":3,"name":"Kṛttikā","pada":2},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2031,"month":9,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2463137.770833,"kali_year":5133,"ahargana":1874672.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":159.6163,"rashi":6,"rashi_name":"Kanyā"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":304.8601,"rashi":11,"rashi_name":"Kumbha"},"tithi":{"number":13,"name":"Trayodaśī","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Trayodaśī","elongation_degrees":145.2439,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":1.2439},"nakshatra":{"number":23,"name":"Dhaniṣṭhā","pada":4,"moon_longitude":304.8601,"elapsed_within_degrees":11.5268},"yoga":{"number":8,"name":"Dhṛti","sum_longitude":104.4764},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":24,"name":"Kaulava"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":4.489,"elongation":145.244},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":4.489,"opposition_distance":34.756}},"eclipse_window_40days":[]},"city":{"slug":"kolhapur","name":"Kolhāpur, Maharashtra","lat":16.705,"lon":74.2433,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Maharashtra","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"kolhapur","name":"Kolhāpur, Maharashtra","lat":16.705,"lon":74.2433,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Maharashtra","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"sunriseLocal":"06:22","sunsetLocal":"18:24","solarNoonLocal":"12:23","dayLengthHours":12.040725609784685,"dayLengthDisplay":"12 Hours 02 Mins 27 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"11 Hours 57 Mins 33 Secs","moonriseLocal":"16:09","moonsetLocal":"03:44","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"16:54","end":"18:24","startHours":16.896038945205635,"endHours":18.40112964642872,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"12:23","end":"13:53","startHours":12.380766841536378,"endHours":13.885857542759464,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"15:23","end":"16:54","startHours":15.39094824398255,"endHours":16.896038945205635,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"09:10","end":"09:34","startHours":9.169906678927129,"endHours":9.571264199253285,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"06:52","end":"07:11","startHours":6.862100937051731,"endHours":7.183186953312656,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"11:59","end":"12:47","startHours":11.979409321210222,"endHours":12.782124361862534,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"04:45","end":"05:33","startHours":4.754973955339412,"endHours":5.5576889959917235,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"05:21","end":"06:22","startHours":5.357010235828646,"endHours":6.360404036644036,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"14:23","end":"15:11","startHours":14.38755444316716,"endHours":15.190269483819472,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"18:12","end":"18:36","startHours":18.201129646428722,"endHours":18.60112964642872,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"18:24","end":"18:54","startHours":18.40112964642872,"endHours":18.902826546836415,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"18:09","end":"19:54","startHours":18.15112964642872,"endHours":19.90112964642872,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"23:59","end":"00:47","startHours":23.979409321210223,"endHours":24.782124361862532,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Udveg","start":"06:22","end":"07:52","startHours":6.360404036644036,"endHours":7.865494737867122,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"07:52","end":"09:22","startHours":7.865494737867122,"endHours":9.370585439090208,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"09:22","end":"10:53","startHours":9.370585439090208,"endHours":10.875676140313292,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"10:53","end":"12:23","startHours":10.875676140313292,"endHours":12.380766841536378,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"12:23","end":"13:53","startHours":12.380766841536378,"endHours":13.885857542759464,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"13:53","end":"15:23","startHours":13.885857542759464,"endHours":15.39094824398255,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"15:23","end":"16:54","startHours":15.39094824398255,"endHours":16.896038945205635,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"16:54","end":"18:24","startHours":16.896038945205635,"endHours":18.40112964642872,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Śubha","start":"18:24","end":"19:54","startHours":18.40112964642872,"endHours":19.896038945205635,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"19:54","end":"21:23","startHours":19.896038945205635,"endHours":21.39094824398255,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"21:23","end":"22:53","startHours":21.39094824398255,"endHours":22.885857542759464,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"22:53","end":"00:23","startHours":22.885857542759464,"endHours":24.380766841536378,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"00:23","end":"01:53","startHours":24.380766841536378,"endHours":25.875676140313292,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"01:53","end":"03:22","startHours":25.875676140313292,"endHours":27.370585439090206,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"03:22","end":"04:52","startHours":27.370585439090206,"endHours":28.865494737867124,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"04:52","end":"06:22","startHours":28.865494737867124,"endHours":30.360404036644034,"quality":"auspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"06:22","end":"07:22","startHours":6.360404036644036,"endHours":7.360404036644036,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"07:22","end":"08:22","startHours":7.360404036644036,"endHours":8.360404036644036,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"08:22","end":"09:22","startHours":8.360404036644036,"endHours":9.360404036644036,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"09:22","end":"10:22","startHours":9.360404036644036,"endHours":10.360404036644036,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"10:22","end":"11:22","startHours":10.360404036644036,"endHours":11.360404036644036,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"11:22","end":"12:22","startHours":11.360404036644036,"endHours":12.360404036644036,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"12:22","end":"13:22","startHours":12.360404036644036,"endHours":13.360404036644036,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"13:22","end":"14:22","startHours":13.360404036644036,"endHours":14.360404036644036,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"14:22","end":"15:22","startHours":14.360404036644036,"endHours":15.360404036644036,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"15:22","end":"16:22","startHours":15.360404036644036,"endHours":16.360404036644034,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"16:22","end":"17:22","startHours":16.360404036644034,"endHours":17.360404036644034,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"17:22","end":"18:22","startHours":17.360404036644034,"endHours":18.360404036644034,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"18:22","end":"19:22","startHours":18.360404036644034,"endHours":19.360404036644034,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"19:22","end":"20:22","startHours":19.360404036644034,"endHours":20.360404036644034,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"20:22","end":"21:22","startHours":20.360404036644034,"endHours":21.360404036644034,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"21:22","end":"22:22","startHours":21.360404036644034,"endHours":22.360404036644034,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"22:22","end":"23:22","startHours":22.360404036644034,"endHours":23.360404036644034,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"23:22","end":"00:22","startHours":23.360404036644034,"endHours":24.360404036644034,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"00:22","end":"01:22","startHours":24.360404036644034,"endHours":25.360404036644034,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"01:22","end":"02:22","startHours":25.360404036644034,"endHours":26.360404036644034,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"02:22","end":"03:22","startHours":26.360404036644034,"endHours":27.360404036644034,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"03:22","end":"04:22","startHours":27.360404036644034,"endHours":28.360404036644034,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"04:22","end":"05:22","startHours":28.360404036644034,"endHours":29.360404036644034,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"05:22","end":"06:22","startHours":29.360404036644034,"endHours":30.360404036644034,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Ārdrā","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Svātī","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Śatabhiṣaj","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā","Revatī"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Bharaṇī","Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Citrā","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Karka","Siṃha","Vṛścika","Dhanu","Kumbha"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Vṛṣabha","Mithuna","Kanyā","Tulā","Makara","Mīna"]},"dishaShool":"West (Paścim)","chandraVasa":"South","rahuVasa":"North-East","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Gada","quality":"Inauspicious"},"drikRitu":"Śarad (Autumn) (Drik)","vedicRitu":"Varṣā (Monsoon)","drikAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","vedicAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization (Drikpanchang-parity)","declination":-1.8809749550063113,"eotMinutes":10.180789507817288,"ayanamsa":24.2964}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2088,"vikram_samvatsara":"Raktākṣī","saka_samvat":1953,"saka_samvatsara":"Virodhakṛt","bengali_samvat":1438,"malayalam_era":1207,"nanakshahi_year":562,"lunar_month":"Āśvina","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Āśvina Śukla Pakṣa","solar_month":"Kanyā (Puraṭṭāsi)","ritu":"Śarad (Autumn)","display_summary":"Āśvina Śukla Trayodaśī · Vikram 2088 Raktākṣī · Śaka 1953 Virodhakṛt"},"festivals":[{"id":"kanya-sankranti","name":"Kanyā Saṅkrānti (Mahālaya begins)","name_sanskrit":"कन्या सङ्क्रान्ति","tradition":"Pan-Hindu","significance":"Sun enters Virgo; Mahālaya / Pitṛ-Pakṣa solar marker.","vrata":false,"detection":{"sun_rashi":"Kanyā"},"precedence":4},{"id":"pradosha-vrata","name":"Pradoṣa Vrata","name_sanskrit":"प्रदोष व्रत","tradition":"Shaiva","associated_deity":"Śiva","significance":"Twilight worship of Śiva on Trayodaśī.","vrata":true,"detection":{"any_of":[{"tithi_number":13},{"tithi_number":28}]},"precedence":7}],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"surya-walk","name":"Sūrya Walk","name_sanskrit":"सूर्य यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Self-illumination + BG 4.1 (Sun-lineage of Gītā transmission).","step_count":6,"url":"/walk/surya-walk"},"reason":"Ravivāra (Sunday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"kolhapur"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga September 28, 2031 CE · Kolhāpur, Maharashtra · Vidhyamitra","description":"September 28, 2031 CE for Kolhāpur, Maharashtra: Śukla Trayodaśī, sūryodaya 06:22, sūryāsta 18:24.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/2031-09-28","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/2031-09-28","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/2031-09-28","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/2031-09-28","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/2031-09-28"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-05-15T14:22:08.112Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-05-15T14:22:08.112Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["matches Drikpanchang ±1 minute on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-05-15T14:22:08.112Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"}}}