{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:kolhapur:2028-07-31:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/2028-07-31","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"2028-07-31","date_display":"July 31, 2028 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2028,"month":7,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2461983.770833,"kali_year":5130,"ahargana":1873518.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":103.5228,"rashi":4,"rashi_name":"Karka"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":220.4509,"rashi":8,"rashi_name":"Vṛścika"},"tithi":{"number":10,"name":"Daśamī","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Daśamī","elongation_degrees":116.9281,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":8.9281},"nakshatra":{"number":17,"name":"Anurādhā","pada":3,"moon_longitude":220.4509,"elapsed_within_degrees":7.1176},"yoga":{"number":25,"name":"Brahma","sum_longitude":323.9737},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":19,"name":"Gara"},"vara":{"number":3,"name":"Somavāra (Monday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":2028,"month":7,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2461983.770833,"ahargana":1873518.2708,"kali_year":5130,"ayanamsa_lahiri":24.2522,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":104.12267299999996,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":8,"name":"Puṣya","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":222.926373,"rashi":{"number":8,"name":"Vṛścika"},"nakshatra":{"number":17,"name":"Anurādhā","pada":3},"retrograde":false,"latitude":-3.522},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":72.189573,"rashi":{"number":3,"name":"Mithuna"},"nakshatra":{"number":6,"name":"Ārdrā","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":109.81007299999999,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":9,"name":"Aśleṣā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":151.041473,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":12,"name":"Uttara Phalgunī","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":58.44037300000002,"rashi":{"number":2,"name":"Vṛṣabha"},"nakshatra":{"number":5,"name":"Mr̥gaśirā","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":16.585973000000024,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":2,"name":"Bharaṇī","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":271.986,"rashi":{"number":10,"name":"Makara"},"nakshatra":{"number":21,"name":"Uttara Āṣāḍhā","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":91.986,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":7,"name":"Punarvasu","pada":4},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2028,"month":7,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2461983.770833,"kali_year":5130,"ahargana":1873518.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":103.5228,"rashi":4,"rashi_name":"Karka"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":220.4509,"rashi":8,"rashi_name":"Vṛścika"},"tithi":{"number":10,"name":"Daśamī","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Daśamī","elongation_degrees":116.9281,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":8.9281},"nakshatra":{"number":17,"name":"Anurādhā","pada":3,"moon_longitude":220.4509,"elapsed_within_degrees":7.1176},"yoga":{"number":25,"name":"Brahma","sum_longitude":323.9737},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":19,"name":"Gara"},"vara":{"number":3,"name":"Somavāra (Monday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-3.522,"elongation":116.928},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-3.522,"opposition_distance":63.072}},"eclipse_window_40days":[{"offset_days":-9,"type":"solar","occurs":true,"moon_latitude":-0.016,"elongation":2.314},{"offset_days":5,"type":"lunar","occurs":true,"moon_latitude":1.134,"opposition_distance":1.947}]},"city":{"slug":"kolhapur","name":"Kolhāpur, Maharashtra","lat":16.705,"lon":74.2433,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Maharashtra","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"kolhapur","name":"Kolhāpur, Maharashtra","lat":16.705,"lon":74.2433,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Maharashtra","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"sunriseLocal":"06:13","sunsetLocal":"19:05","solarNoonLocal":"12:39","dayLengthHours":12.876345250417543,"dayLengthDisplay":"12 Hours 52 Mins 35 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"11 Hours 07 Mins 25 Secs","moonriseLocal":"14:59","moonsetLocal":"02:10","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"07:49","end":"09:26","startHours":7.823006772965933,"endHours":9.432549929268127,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"11:03","end":"12:39","startHours":11.042093085570318,"endHours":12.651636241872513,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"14:16","end":"15:52","startHours":14.261179398174704,"endHours":15.870722554476899,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"09:13","end":"09:39","startHours":9.217944175094502,"endHours":9.647155683441753,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"06:45","end":"07:06","startHours":6.749978002097805,"endHours":7.093347208775606,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"12:13","end":"13:05","startHours":12.222424733525262,"endHours":13.080847750219764,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"04:30","end":"05:21","startHours":4.496617583274735,"endHours":5.355040599969238,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"05:08","end":"06:13","startHours":5.140434845795612,"endHours":6.2134636166637405,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"14:48","end":"15:39","startHours":14.797693783608771,"endHours":15.656116800303275,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"18:53","end":"19:17","startHours":18.889808867081285,"endHours":19.289808867081284,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"19:05","end":"19:38","startHours":19.089808867081285,"endHours":19.62632325251535,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"18:50","end":"20:35","startHours":18.839808867081285,"endHours":20.589808867081285,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"00:13","end":"01:05","startHours":24.222424733525262,"endHours":25.080847750219764,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Amṛta","start":"06:13","end":"07:49","startHours":6.2134636166637405,"endHours":7.823006772965933,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"07:49","end":"09:26","startHours":7.823006772965933,"endHours":9.432549929268127,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"09:26","end":"11:03","startHours":9.432549929268127,"endHours":11.042093085570318,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"11:03","end":"12:39","startHours":11.042093085570318,"endHours":12.651636241872513,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"12:39","end":"14:16","startHours":12.651636241872513,"endHours":14.261179398174704,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"14:16","end":"15:52","startHours":14.261179398174704,"endHours":15.870722554476899,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"15:52","end":"17:29","startHours":15.870722554476899,"endHours":17.48026571077909,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"17:29","end":"19:05","startHours":17.48026571077909,"endHours":19.089808867081285,"quality":"auspicious"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Chala","start":"19:05","end":"20:29","startHours":19.089808867081285,"endHours":20.480265710779094,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"20:29","end":"21:52","startHours":20.480265710779094,"endHours":21.8707225544769,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"21:52","end":"23:16","startHours":21.8707225544769,"endHours":23.261179398174704,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"23:16","end":"00:39","startHours":23.261179398174704,"endHours":24.651636241872513,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"00:39","end":"02:03","startHours":24.651636241872513,"endHours":26.042093085570322,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"02:03","end":"03:26","startHours":26.042093085570322,"endHours":27.432549929268127,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"03:26","end":"04:49","startHours":27.432549929268127,"endHours":28.823006772965932,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"04:49","end":"06:13","startHours":28.823006772965932,"endHours":30.21346361666374,"quality":"neutral"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"06:13","end":"07:13","startHours":6.2134636166637405,"endHours":7.2134636166637405,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"07:13","end":"08:13","startHours":7.2134636166637405,"endHours":8.213463616663741,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"08:13","end":"09:13","startHours":8.213463616663741,"endHours":9.213463616663741,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"09:13","end":"10:13","startHours":9.213463616663741,"endHours":10.213463616663741,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"10:13","end":"11:13","startHours":10.213463616663741,"endHours":11.213463616663741,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"11:13","end":"12:13","startHours":11.213463616663741,"endHours":12.213463616663741,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"12:13","end":"13:13","startHours":12.213463616663741,"endHours":13.213463616663741,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"13:13","end":"14:13","startHours":13.213463616663741,"endHours":14.213463616663741,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"14:13","end":"15:13","startHours":14.213463616663741,"endHours":15.213463616663741,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"15:13","end":"16:13","startHours":15.213463616663741,"endHours":16.21346361666374,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"16:13","end":"17:13","startHours":16.21346361666374,"endHours":17.21346361666374,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"17:13","end":"18:13","startHours":17.21346361666374,"endHours":18.21346361666374,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"18:13","end":"19:13","startHours":18.21346361666374,"endHours":19.21346361666374,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"19:13","end":"20:13","startHours":19.21346361666374,"endHours":20.21346361666374,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"20:13","end":"21:13","startHours":20.21346361666374,"endHours":21.21346361666374,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"21:13","end":"22:13","startHours":21.21346361666374,"endHours":22.21346361666374,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"22:13","end":"23:13","startHours":22.21346361666374,"endHours":23.21346361666374,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"23:13","end":"00:13","startHours":23.21346361666374,"endHours":24.21346361666374,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"00:13","end":"01:13","startHours":24.21346361666374,"endHours":25.21346361666374,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"01:13","end":"02:13","startHours":25.21346361666374,"endHours":26.21346361666374,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"02:13","end":"03:13","startHours":26.21346361666374,"endHours":27.21346361666374,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"03:13","end":"04:13","startHours":27.21346361666374,"endHours":28.21346361666374,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"04:13","end":"05:13","startHours":28.21346361666374,"endHours":29.21346361666374,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"05:13","end":"06:13","startHours":29.21346361666374,"endHours":30.21346361666374,"planetary_lord":"Venus"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Bharaṇī","Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Revatī"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Mṛgaśirā","Ārdrā","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Citrā","Svātī","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Dhaniṣṭhā","Śatabhiṣaj","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Vṛṣabha","Siṃha","Kanyā","Vṛścika","Makara"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Mithuna","Karka","Tulā","Dhanu","Kumbha","Mīna"]},"dishaShool":"East (Pūrva)","chandraVasa":"North-East","rahuVasa":"North-East","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Amṛta","quality":"Auspicious"},"drikRitu":"Varṣā (Monsoon) (Drik)","vedicRitu":"Grīṣma (Summer)","drikAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","vedicAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization (Drikpanchang-parity)","declination":18.168261472401205,"eotMinutes":-6.071374512350812,"ayanamsa":24.2522}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2085,"vikram_samvatsara":"Durmati","saka_samvat":1950,"saka_samvatsara":"Kīlaka","bengali_samvat":1435,"malayalam_era":1204,"nanakshahi_year":559,"lunar_month":"Śrāvaṇa","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Śrāvaṇa Śukla Pakṣa","solar_month":"Karkaṭa (Āḍi)","ritu":"Varṣā (Monsoon)","display_summary":"Śrāvaṇa Śukla Daśamī · Vikram 2085 Durmati · Śaka 1950 Kīlaka"},"festivals":[{"id":"karka-sankranti","name":"Karka Saṅkrānti (Dakṣiṇāyana)","name_sanskrit":"कर्क सङ्क्रान्ति","tradition":"Pan-Hindu","associated_deity":"Sūrya Bhagavān","significance":"Sun enters Cancer; Dakṣiṇāyana (south-going) begins. Devatā-rātri begins.","vrata":true,"detection":{"sun_rashi":"Karka"},"precedence":2}],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"chandra-walk","name":"Candra Walk","name_sanskrit":"चन्द्र यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Manas-control + BG 6.5-7.","step_count":5,"url":"/walk/chandra-walk"},"reason":"Somavāra (Monday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"kolhapur"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga July 31, 2028 CE · Kolhāpur, Maharashtra · Vidhyamitra","description":"July 31, 2028 CE for Kolhāpur, Maharashtra: Śukla Daśamī, sūryodaya 06:13, sūryāsta 19:05.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/2028-07-31","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/2028-07-31","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/2028-07-31","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/2028-07-31","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/2028-07-31"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-05-15T04:34:00.799Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-05-15T04:34:00.799Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["matches Drikpanchang ±1 minute on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-05-15T04:34:00.799Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"}}}