{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:kolhapur:1997-10-31:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-10-31","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"1997-10-31","date_display":"October 31, 1997 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":1997,"month":10,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2450752.770833,"kali_year":5099,"ahargana":1862287.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":193.1503,"rashi":7,"rashi_name":"Tulā"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":188.9664,"rashi":7,"rashi_name":"Tulā"},"tithi":{"number":30,"name":"Amāvasyā","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Amāvasyā","elongation_degrees":355.8161,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":7.8161},"nakshatra":{"number":15,"name":"Svātī","pada":1,"moon_longitude":188.9664,"elapsed_within_degrees":2.2998},"yoga":{"number":2,"name":"Prīti","sum_longitude":22.1168},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":59,"name":"Nāga"},"vara":{"number":0,"name":"Śukravāra (Friday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":1997,"month":10,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2450752.770833,"ahargana":1862287.2708,"kali_year":5099,"ayanamsa_lahiri":23.8227,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":193.83277900000007,"rashi":{"number":7,"name":"Tulā"},"nakshatra":{"number":15,"name":"Svātī","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":189.69477899999993,"rashi":{"number":7,"name":"Tulā"},"nakshatra":{"number":15,"name":"Svātī","pada":1},"retrograde":false,"latitude":3.004},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":239.33777899999995,"rashi":{"number":8,"name":"Vṛścika"},"nakshatra":{"number":18,"name":"Jyeṣṭhā","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":204.483379,"rashi":{"number":7,"name":"Tulā"},"nakshatra":{"number":16,"name":"Viśākhā","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":289.11857899999995,"rashi":{"number":10,"name":"Makara"},"nakshatra":{"number":22,"name":"Śravaṇa","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":240.82187899999997,"rashi":{"number":9,"name":"Dhanu"},"nakshatra":{"number":19,"name":"Mūla","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":351.446279,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":27,"name":"Revatī","pada":2},"retrograde":true},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":147.0584,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":12,"name":"Uttara Phalgunī","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":327.0584,"rashi":{"number":11,"name":"Kumbha"},"nakshatra":{"number":25,"name":"Pūrva Bhādrapadā","pada":3},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":1997,"month":10,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2450752.770833,"kali_year":5099,"ahargana":1862287.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":193.1503,"rashi":7,"rashi_name":"Tulā"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":188.9664,"rashi":7,"rashi_name":"Tulā"},"tithi":{"number":30,"name":"Amāvasyā","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Amāvasyā","elongation_degrees":355.8161,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":7.8161},"nakshatra":{"number":15,"name":"Svātī","pada":1,"moon_longitude":188.9664,"elapsed_within_degrees":2.2998},"yoga":{"number":2,"name":"Prīti","sum_longitude":22.1168},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":59,"name":"Nāga"},"vara":{"number":0,"name":"Śukravāra (Friday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":3.004,"elongation":4.184},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":3.004,"opposition_distance":175.816}},"eclipse_window_40days":[]},"city":{"slug":"kolhapur","name":"Kolhāpur, Maharashtra","lat":16.705,"lon":74.2433,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Maharashtra","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"kolhapur","name":"Kolhāpur, Maharashtra","lat":16.705,"lon":74.2433,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Maharashtra","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"sunriseLocal":"06:30","sunsetLocal":"18:03","solarNoonLocal":"12:17","dayLengthHours":11.54498805987453,"dayLengthDisplay":"11 Hours 32 Mins 42 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"12 Hours 27 Mins 18 Secs","moonriseLocal":"06:13","moonsetLocal":"17:47","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"10:50","end":"12:17","startHours":10.833110166673546,"endHours":12.276233674157861,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"15:10","end":"16:36","startHours":15.162480689126497,"endHours":16.605604196610813,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"07:57","end":"09:23","startHours":7.946863151704914,"endHours":9.38998665918923,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"09:12","end":"09:35","startHours":9.197570191524655,"endHours":9.582403126853805,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"06:59","end":"07:18","startHours":6.984780813382036,"endHours":7.292647161645357,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"11:53","end":"12:40","startHours":11.891400738828713,"endHours":12.661066609487014,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"04:58","end":"05:44","startHours":4.964407902903993,"endHours":5.7340737735622955,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"05:32","end":"06:30","startHours":5.541657305897719,"endHours":6.503739644220597,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"14:12","end":"14:58","startHours":14.200398350803617,"endHours":14.97006422146192,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"17:51","end":"18:15","startHours":17.84872770409513,"endHours":18.248727704095128,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"18:03","end":"18:32","startHours":18.04872770409513,"endHours":18.529768873256568,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"17:48","end":"19:33","startHours":17.79872770409513,"endHours":19.54872770409513,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"23:53","end":"00:40","startHours":23.891400738828715,"endHours":24.661066609487015,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Chala","start":"06:30","end":"07:57","startHours":6.503739644220597,"endHours":7.946863151704914,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"07:57","end":"09:23","startHours":7.946863151704914,"endHours":9.38998665918923,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"09:23","end":"10:50","startHours":9.38998665918923,"endHours":10.833110166673546,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"10:50","end":"12:17","startHours":10.833110166673546,"endHours":12.276233674157861,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"12:17","end":"13:43","startHours":12.276233674157861,"endHours":13.719357181642177,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"13:43","end":"15:10","startHours":13.719357181642177,"endHours":15.162480689126497,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"15:10","end":"16:36","startHours":15.162480689126497,"endHours":16.605604196610813,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"16:36","end":"18:03","startHours":16.605604196610813,"endHours":18.04872770409513,"quality":"neutral"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Roga","start":"18:03","end":"19:36","startHours":18.04872770409513,"endHours":19.605604196610813,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"19:36","end":"21:10","startHours":19.605604196610813,"endHours":21.162480689126497,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"21:10","end":"22:43","startHours":21.162480689126497,"endHours":22.71935718164218,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"22:43","end":"00:17","startHours":22.71935718164218,"endHours":24.276233674157865,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"00:17","end":"01:50","startHours":24.276233674157865,"endHours":25.83311016667355,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"01:50","end":"03:23","startHours":25.83311016667355,"endHours":27.38998665918923,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"03:23","end":"04:57","startHours":27.38998665918923,"endHours":28.946863151704914,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"04:57","end":"06:30","startHours":28.946863151704914,"endHours":30.503739644220598,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"06:30","end":"07:30","startHours":6.503739644220597,"endHours":7.503739644220597,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"07:30","end":"08:30","startHours":7.503739644220597,"endHours":8.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"08:30","end":"09:30","startHours":8.503739644220598,"endHours":9.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"09:30","end":"10:30","startHours":9.503739644220598,"endHours":10.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"10:30","end":"11:30","startHours":10.503739644220598,"endHours":11.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"11:30","end":"12:30","startHours":11.503739644220598,"endHours":12.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"12:30","end":"13:30","startHours":12.503739644220598,"endHours":13.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"13:30","end":"14:30","startHours":13.503739644220598,"endHours":14.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"14:30","end":"15:30","startHours":14.503739644220598,"endHours":15.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"15:30","end":"16:30","startHours":15.503739644220598,"endHours":16.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"16:30","end":"17:30","startHours":16.503739644220598,"endHours":17.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"17:30","end":"18:30","startHours":17.503739644220598,"endHours":18.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"18:30","end":"19:30","startHours":18.503739644220598,"endHours":19.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"19:30","end":"20:30","startHours":19.503739644220598,"endHours":20.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"20:30","end":"21:30","startHours":20.503739644220598,"endHours":21.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"21:30","end":"22:30","startHours":21.503739644220598,"endHours":22.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"22:30","end":"23:30","startHours":22.503739644220598,"endHours":23.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"23:30","end":"00:30","startHours":23.503739644220598,"endHours":24.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"00:30","end":"01:30","startHours":24.503739644220598,"endHours":25.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"01:30","end":"02:30","startHours":25.503739644220598,"endHours":26.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"02:30","end":"03:30","startHours":26.503739644220598,"endHours":27.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"03:30","end":"04:30","startHours":27.503739644220598,"endHours":28.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"04:30","end":"05:30","startHours":28.503739644220598,"endHours":29.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"05:30","end":"06:30","startHours":29.503739644220598,"endHours":30.503739644220598,"planetary_lord":"Mars"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Bharaṇī","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā","Revatī"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Ārdrā","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Citrā","Svātī","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā","Śatabhiṣaj"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Karka","Siṃha","Tulā","Dhanu","Mīna"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Vṛṣabha","Mithuna","Kanyā","Vṛścika","Makara","Kumbha"]},"dishaShool":"West (Paścim)","chandraVasa":"North","rahuVasa":"South-East","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Dhvaja","quality":"Auspicious"},"drikRitu":"Śarad (Autumn) (Drik)","vedicRitu":"Śarad (Autumn)","drikAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","vedicAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization (Drikpanchang-parity)","declination":-14.062462862409093,"eotMinutes":16.45277955052819,"ayanamsa":23.8227}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2054,"vikram_samvatsara":"Vikṛti","saka_samvat":1919,"saka_samvatsara":"Īśvara","bengali_samvat":1404,"malayalam_era":1173,"nanakshahi_year":528,"lunar_month":"Kārtika","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Kārtika Kṛṣṇa Pakṣa","solar_month":"Tulā (Aippasi)","ritu":"Śarad (Autumn)","display_summary":"Kārtika Kṛṣṇa Amāvasyā · Vikram 2054 Vikṛti · Śaka 1919 Īśvara"},"festivals":[{"id":"diwali","name":"Dīpāvalī (Diwali)","name_sanskrit":"दीपावली","tradition":"Pan-Hindu","associated_deity":"Lakshmi-Mata","significance":"Lakshmi-Pūjā night; festival of lights; Rāma's return to Ayodhyā.","vrata":false,"detection":{"tithi_number":30,"lunar_month":"Kārtika"},"precedence":1},{"id":"lakshmi-puja","name":"Lakṣmī Pūjā (Diwali main day)","name_sanskrit":"लक्ष्मी पूजा","tradition":"Pan-Hindu","associated_deity":"Mahā-Lakṣmī","significance":"Mahā-Lakṣmī Pūjā on Kārtika Amāvasyā; Diwali main day.","vrata":true,"primary_observance":"Pradoṣa-time Lakṣmī-pūjā in cleaned home; deepa-mālā lighting.","detection":{"tithi_number":30,"tithi_paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","lunar_month":"Kārtika"},"precedence":1},{"id":"tula-sankranti","name":"Tulā Saṅkrānti","name_sanskrit":"तुला सङ्क्रान्ति","tradition":"Pan-Hindu","significance":"Sun enters Libra.","vrata":false,"detection":{"sun_rashi":"Tulā"},"precedence":5}],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"shukra-walk","name":"Śukra Walk","name_sanskrit":"शुक्र यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Beauty + creativity in dharma + BG 10.36.","step_count":5,"url":"/walk/shukra-walk"},"reason":"Śukravāra (Friday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[{"historical_date":"-3137-10-20","event":"Karṇa-Vadha (Mahābhārata Day 17)","chart_id":"karna","shared_marker":"same Kṛṣṇa Amāvasyā","url":"/day/-3137-10-20","relevance":0.5}]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"kolhapur"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga October 31, 1997 CE · Kolhāpur, Maharashtra · Vidhyamitra","description":"October 31, 1997 CE for Kolhāpur, Maharashtra: Kṛṣṇa Amāvasyā, sūryodaya 06:30, sūryāsta 18:03.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-10-31","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-10-31","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-10-31","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-10-31","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-10-31"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-05-16T23:25:20.074Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-05-16T23:25:20.074Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["matches Drikpanchang ±1 minute on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-05-16T23:25:20.074Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"}}}