{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:kolhapur:1997-01-31:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-01-31","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"1997-01-31","date_display":"January 31, 1997 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":1997,"month":1,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2450479.770833,"kali_year":5098,"ahargana":1862014.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":287.4078,"rashi":10,"rashi_name":"Makara"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":192.2982,"rashi":7,"rashi_name":"Tulā"},"tithi":{"number":23,"name":"Aṣṭamī","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Aṣṭamī","elongation_degrees":264.8904,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":0.8904},"nakshatra":{"number":15,"name":"Svātī","pada":2,"moon_longitude":192.2982,"elapsed_within_degrees":5.6316},"yoga":{"number":9,"name":"Śūla","sum_longitude":119.706},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":44,"name":"Bālava"},"vara":{"number":0,"name":"Śukravāra (Friday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":1997,"month":1,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2450479.770833,"ahargana":1862014.2708,"kali_year":5098,"ayanamsa_lahiri":23.8123,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":287.38891,"rashi":{"number":10,"name":"Makara"},"nakshatra":{"number":22,"name":"Śravaṇa","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":188.35441000000003,"rashi":{"number":7,"name":"Tulā"},"nakshatra":{"number":15,"name":"Svātī","pada":1},"retrograde":false,"latitude":2.3008},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":161.84401000000003,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":13,"name":"Hasta","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":263.74071000000004,"rashi":{"number":9,"name":"Dhanu"},"nakshatra":{"number":20,"name":"Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":278.4534100000001,"rashi":{"number":10,"name":"Makara"},"nakshatra":{"number":21,"name":"Uttara Āṣāḍhā","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":272.32371,"rashi":{"number":10,"name":"Makara"},"nakshatra":{"number":21,"name":"Uttara Āṣāḍhā","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":339.69391,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":26,"name":"Uttara Bhādrapadā","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":161.5233,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":13,"name":"Hasta","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":341.5233,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":26,"name":"Uttara Bhādrapadā","pada":3},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":1997,"month":1,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2450479.770833,"kali_year":5098,"ahargana":1862014.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":287.4078,"rashi":10,"rashi_name":"Makara"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":192.2982,"rashi":7,"rashi_name":"Tulā"},"tithi":{"number":23,"name":"Aṣṭamī","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Aṣṭamī","elongation_degrees":264.8904,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":0.8904},"nakshatra":{"number":15,"name":"Svātī","pada":2,"moon_longitude":192.2982,"elapsed_within_degrees":5.6316},"yoga":{"number":9,"name":"Śūla","sum_longitude":119.706},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":44,"name":"Bālava"},"vara":{"number":0,"name":"Śukravāra (Friday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":2.301,"elongation":95.11},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":2.301,"opposition_distance":84.89}},"eclipse_window_40days":[]},"city":{"slug":"kolhapur","name":"Kolhāpur, Maharashtra","lat":16.705,"lon":74.2433,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Maharashtra","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"kolhapur","name":"Kolhāpur, Maharashtra","lat":16.705,"lon":74.2433,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Maharashtra","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"sunriseLocal":"07:05","sunsetLocal":"18:29","solarNoonLocal":"12:47","dayLengthHours":11.401872686971966,"dayLengthDisplay":"11 Hours 24 Mins 07 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"12 Hours 35 Mins 53 Secs","moonriseLocal":"00:23","moonsetLocal":"11:58","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"11:21","end":"12:47","startHours":11.350705723159205,"endHours":12.7759398090307,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"15:38","end":"17:03","startHours":15.626407980773692,"endHours":17.051642066645186,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"08:30","end":"09:56","startHours":8.500237551416213,"endHours":9.925471637287709,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"09:44","end":"10:07","startHours":9.735440425838176,"endHours":10.115502848737242,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"07:33","end":"07:51","startHours":7.550081494168549,"endHours":7.854131432487802,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"12:24","end":"13:09","startHours":12.395877386131636,"endHours":13.156002231929767,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"05:33","end":"06:19","startHours":5.554753773948455,"endHours":6.314878619746586,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"06:07","end":"07:05","startHours":6.124847408297053,"endHours":7.075003465544717,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"14:41","end":"15:26","startHours":14.676251923526028,"endHours":15.43637676932416,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"18:17","end":"18:41","startHours":18.276876152516685,"endHours":18.676876152516684,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"18:29","end":"18:57","startHours":18.476876152516684,"endHours":18.951954181140515,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"18:14","end":"19:59","startHours":18.226876152516684,"endHours":19.976876152516684,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"00:24","end":"01:09","startHours":24.395877386131637,"endHours":25.15600223192977,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Chala","start":"07:05","end":"08:30","startHours":7.075003465544717,"endHours":8.500237551416213,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"08:30","end":"09:56","startHours":8.500237551416213,"endHours":9.925471637287709,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"09:56","end":"11:21","startHours":9.925471637287709,"endHours":11.350705723159205,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"11:21","end":"12:47","startHours":11.350705723159205,"endHours":12.7759398090307,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"12:47","end":"14:12","startHours":12.7759398090307,"endHours":14.201173894902198,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"14:12","end":"15:38","startHours":14.201173894902198,"endHours":15.626407980773692,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"15:38","end":"17:03","startHours":15.626407980773692,"endHours":17.051642066645186,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"17:03","end":"18:29","startHours":17.051642066645186,"endHours":18.476876152516684,"quality":"neutral"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Roga","start":"18:29","end":"20:03","startHours":18.476876152516684,"endHours":20.05164206664519,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"20:03","end":"21:38","startHours":20.05164206664519,"endHours":21.626407980773692,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"21:38","end":"23:12","startHours":21.626407980773692,"endHours":23.201173894902198,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"23:12","end":"00:47","startHours":23.201173894902198,"endHours":24.775939809030703,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"00:47","end":"02:21","startHours":24.775939809030703,"endHours":26.350705723159205,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"02:21","end":"03:56","startHours":26.350705723159205,"endHours":27.92547163728771,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"03:56","end":"05:30","startHours":27.92547163728771,"endHours":29.500237551416213,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"05:30","end":"07:05","startHours":29.500237551416213,"endHours":31.075003465544718,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"07:05","end":"08:05","startHours":7.075003465544717,"endHours":8.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"08:05","end":"09:05","startHours":8.075003465544718,"endHours":9.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"09:05","end":"10:05","startHours":9.075003465544718,"endHours":10.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"10:05","end":"11:05","startHours":10.075003465544718,"endHours":11.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"11:05","end":"12:05","startHours":11.075003465544718,"endHours":12.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"12:05","end":"13:05","startHours":12.075003465544718,"endHours":13.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"13:05","end":"14:05","startHours":13.075003465544718,"endHours":14.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"14:05","end":"15:05","startHours":14.075003465544718,"endHours":15.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"15:05","end":"16:05","startHours":15.075003465544718,"endHours":16.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"16:05","end":"17:05","startHours":16.075003465544718,"endHours":17.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"17:05","end":"18:05","startHours":17.075003465544718,"endHours":18.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"18:05","end":"19:05","startHours":18.075003465544718,"endHours":19.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"19:05","end":"20:05","startHours":19.075003465544718,"endHours":20.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"20:05","end":"21:05","startHours":20.075003465544718,"endHours":21.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"21:05","end":"22:05","startHours":21.075003465544718,"endHours":22.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"22:05","end":"23:05","startHours":22.075003465544718,"endHours":23.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"23:05","end":"00:05","startHours":23.075003465544718,"endHours":24.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"00:05","end":"01:05","startHours":24.075003465544718,"endHours":25.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"01:05","end":"02:05","startHours":25.075003465544718,"endHours":26.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"02:05","end":"03:05","startHours":26.075003465544718,"endHours":27.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"03:05","end":"04:05","startHours":27.075003465544718,"endHours":28.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"04:05","end":"05:05","startHours":28.075003465544718,"endHours":29.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"05:05","end":"06:05","startHours":29.075003465544718,"endHours":30.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"06:05","end":"07:05","startHours":30.075003465544718,"endHours":31.075003465544718,"planetary_lord":"Mars"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Bharaṇī","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā","Revatī"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Ārdrā","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Citrā","Svātī","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā","Śatabhiṣaj"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Karka","Siṃha","Tulā","Dhanu","Mīna"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Vṛṣabha","Mithuna","Kanyā","Vṛścika","Makara","Kumbha"]},"dishaShool":"West (Paścim)","chandraVasa":"North","rahuVasa":"South-East","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Dhvaja","quality":"Auspicious"},"drikRitu":"Śiśira (Winter) (Drik)","vedicRitu":"Hemanta (Pre-winter)","drikAyana":"Uttarāyaṇa","vedicAyana":"Uttarāyaṇa","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization (Drikpanchang-parity)","declination":-17.41282021638,"eotMinutes":-13.52958854184206,"ayanamsa":23.8123}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2054,"vikram_samvatsara":"Vikṛti","saka_samvat":1919,"saka_samvatsara":"Īśvara","bengali_samvat":1404,"malayalam_era":1173,"nanakshahi_year":528,"lunar_month":"Māgha","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Māgha Kṛṣṇa Pakṣa","solar_month":"Makara (Tai)","ritu":"Śiśira (Winter)","display_summary":"Māgha Kṛṣṇa Aṣṭamī · Vikram 2054 Vikṛti · Śaka 1919 Īśvara"},"festivals":[{"id":"makara-sankranti","name":"Makara Saṅkrānti (Uttarāyaṇa)","name_sanskrit":"मकर सङ्क्रान्ति","tradition":"Pan-Hindu","associated_deity":"Sūrya Bhagavān","significance":"Sun enters Capricorn; Uttarāyaṇa (north-going) begins. Bhīṣma's chosen mahaprasthāna time.","vrata":true,"detection":{"sun_rashi":"Makara"},"precedence":1,"sources":["Mahābhārata Bhīṣma-Stuti","Sūrya-Siddhānta"]},{"id":"pongal","name":"Pongal / Thai Pongal","name_sanskrit":"पोङ्गल","tradition":"Regional","associated_deity":"Sūrya Bhagavān","significance":"Tamil 4-day harvest festival; coincides with Makara Saṅkrānti.","vrata":false,"detection":{"sun_rashi":"Makara"},"precedence":2}],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"shukra-walk","name":"Śukra Walk","name_sanskrit":"शुक्र यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Beauty + creativity in dharma + BG 10.36.","step_count":5,"url":"/walk/shukra-walk"},"reason":"Śukravāra (Friday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[{"historical_date":"-3226-07-09","event":"Bhagavān Krishna's birth at Mathurā","chart_id":"krishna","shared_marker":"same Kṛṣṇa Aṣṭamī","url":"/day/-3226-07-09","relevance":0.5}]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"kolhapur"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga January 31, 1997 CE · Kolhāpur, Maharashtra · Vidhyamitra","description":"January 31, 1997 CE for Kolhāpur, Maharashtra: Kṛṣṇa Aṣṭamī, sūryodaya 07:05, sūryāsta 18:29.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-01-31","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-01-31","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-01-31","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-01-31","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-01-31"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-05-17T02:49:05.205Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-05-17T02:49:05.205Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["matches Drikpanchang ±1 minute on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-05-17T02:49:05.205Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"}}}