{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:kolhapur:1997-01-16:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-01-16","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"1997-01-16","date_display":"January 16, 1997 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":1997,"month":1,"day":16,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2450464.770833,"kali_year":5098,"ahargana":1861999.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":272.0391,"rashi":10,"rashi_name":"Makara"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":1.544,"rashi":1,"rashi_name":"Meṣa"},"tithi":{"number":8,"name":"Aṣṭamī","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Aṣṭamī","elongation_degrees":89.5049,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":5.5049},"nakshatra":{"number":1,"name":"Aśvinī","pada":1,"moon_longitude":1.544,"elapsed_within_degrees":1.544},"yoga":{"number":21,"name":"Siddha","sum_longitude":273.5831},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":14,"name":"Viṣṭi"},"vara":{"number":6,"name":"Guruvāra (Thursday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":1997,"month":1,"day":16,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2450464.770833,"ahargana":1861999.2708,"kali_year":5098,"ayanamsa_lahiri":23.8117,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":272.134583,"rashi":{"number":10,"name":"Makara"},"nakshatra":{"number":21,"name":"Uttara Āṣāḍhā","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":4.624183000000016,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":1,"name":"Aśvinī","pada":2},"retrograde":false,"latitude":-1.4805},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":159.60238300000003,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":12,"name":"Uttara Phalgunī","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":249.73808299999996,"rashi":{"number":9,"name":"Dhanu"},"nakshatra":{"number":19,"name":"Mūla","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":274.92928299999994,"rashi":{"number":10,"name":"Makara"},"nakshatra":{"number":21,"name":"Uttara Āṣāḍhā","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":253.52588300000002,"rashi":{"number":9,"name":"Dhanu"},"nakshatra":{"number":20,"name":"Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":338.44638299999997,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":26,"name":"Uttara Bhādrapadā","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":162.3181,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":13,"name":"Hasta","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":342.3181,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":26,"name":"Uttara Bhādrapadā","pada":3},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":1997,"month":1,"day":16,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2450464.770833,"kali_year":5098,"ahargana":1861999.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":272.0391,"rashi":10,"rashi_name":"Makara"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":1.544,"rashi":1,"rashi_name":"Meṣa"},"tithi":{"number":8,"name":"Aṣṭamī","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Aṣṭamī","elongation_degrees":89.5049,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":5.5049},"nakshatra":{"number":1,"name":"Aśvinī","pada":1,"moon_longitude":1.544,"elapsed_within_degrees":1.544},"yoga":{"number":21,"name":"Siddha","sum_longitude":273.5831},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":14,"name":"Viṣṭi"},"vara":{"number":6,"name":"Guruvāra (Thursday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-1.48,"elongation":89.505},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-1.48,"opposition_distance":90.495}},"eclipse_window_40days":[]},"city":{"slug":"kolhapur","name":"Kolhāpur, Maharashtra","lat":16.705,"lon":74.2433,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Maharashtra","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"kolhapur","name":"Kolhāpur, Maharashtra","lat":16.705,"lon":74.2433,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Maharashtra","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"sunriseLocal":"07:05","sunsetLocal":"18:20","solarNoonLocal":"12:43","dayLengthHours":11.244909684087713,"dayLengthDisplay":"11 Hours 14 Mins 42 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"12 Hours 45 Mins 18 Secs","moonriseLocal":"12:37","moonsetLocal":"01:08","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"14:07","end":"15:31","startHours":14.11760873620726,"endHours":15.523222446718222,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"07:05","end":"08:30","startHours":7.089540183652439,"endHours":8.495153894163403,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"09:54","end":"11:18","startHours":9.900767604674368,"endHours":11.30638131518533,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"09:43","end":"10:05","startHours":9.713352443272907,"endHours":10.08818276607583,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"07:33","end":"07:51","startHours":7.558078087156094,"endHours":7.857942345398433,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"12:20","end":"13:05","startHours":12.337164702893372,"endHours":13.086825348499218,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"05:35","end":"06:20","startHours":5.5902188924407445,"endHours":6.339879538046592,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"06:09","end":"07:05","startHours":6.15246437664513,"endHours":7.089540183652439,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"14:35","end":"15:20","startHours":14.586146639710915,"endHours":15.335807285316763,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"18:08","end":"18:32","startHours":18.13444986774015,"endHours":18.53444986774015,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"18:20","end":"18:48","startHours":18.33444986774015,"endHours":18.802987771243806,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"18:05","end":"19:50","startHours":18.08444986774015,"endHours":19.83444986774015,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"00:20","end":"01:05","startHours":24.33716470289337,"endHours":25.08682534849922,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Śubha","start":"07:05","end":"08:30","startHours":7.089540183652439,"endHours":8.495153894163403,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"08:30","end":"09:54","startHours":8.495153894163403,"endHours":9.900767604674368,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"09:54","end":"11:18","startHours":9.900767604674368,"endHours":11.30638131518533,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"11:18","end":"12:43","startHours":11.30638131518533,"endHours":12.711995025696297,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"12:43","end":"14:07","startHours":12.711995025696297,"endHours":14.11760873620726,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"14:07","end":"15:31","startHours":14.11760873620726,"endHours":15.523222446718222,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"15:31","end":"16:56","startHours":15.523222446718222,"endHours":16.92883615722919,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"16:56","end":"18:20","startHours":16.92883615722919,"endHours":18.33444986774015,"quality":"auspicious"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Amṛta","start":"18:20","end":"19:56","startHours":18.33444986774015,"endHours":19.92883615722919,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"19:56","end":"21:31","startHours":19.92883615722919,"endHours":21.523222446718222,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"21:31","end":"23:07","startHours":21.523222446718222,"endHours":23.11760873620726,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"23:07","end":"00:43","startHours":23.11760873620726,"endHours":24.711995025696297,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"00:43","end":"02:18","startHours":24.711995025696297,"endHours":26.30638131518533,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"02:18","end":"03:54","startHours":26.30638131518533,"endHours":27.900767604674368,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"03:54","end":"05:30","startHours":27.900767604674368,"endHours":29.4951538941634,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"05:30","end":"07:05","startHours":29.4951538941634,"endHours":31.08954018365244,"quality":"auspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"07:05","end":"08:05","startHours":7.089540183652439,"endHours":8.089540183652439,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"08:05","end":"09:05","startHours":8.089540183652439,"endHours":9.089540183652439,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"09:05","end":"10:05","startHours":9.089540183652439,"endHours":10.089540183652439,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"10:05","end":"11:05","startHours":10.089540183652439,"endHours":11.089540183652439,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"11:05","end":"12:05","startHours":11.089540183652439,"endHours":12.089540183652439,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"12:05","end":"13:05","startHours":12.089540183652439,"endHours":13.089540183652439,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"13:05","end":"14:05","startHours":13.089540183652439,"endHours":14.089540183652439,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"14:05","end":"15:05","startHours":14.089540183652439,"endHours":15.089540183652439,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"15:05","end":"16:05","startHours":15.089540183652439,"endHours":16.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"16:05","end":"17:05","startHours":16.08954018365244,"endHours":17.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"17:05","end":"18:05","startHours":17.08954018365244,"endHours":18.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"18:05","end":"19:05","startHours":18.08954018365244,"endHours":19.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"19:05","end":"20:05","startHours":19.08954018365244,"endHours":20.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"20:05","end":"21:05","startHours":20.08954018365244,"endHours":21.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"21:05","end":"22:05","startHours":21.08954018365244,"endHours":22.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"22:05","end":"23:05","startHours":22.08954018365244,"endHours":23.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"23:05","end":"00:05","startHours":23.08954018365244,"endHours":24.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"00:05","end":"01:05","startHours":24.08954018365244,"endHours":25.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"01:05","end":"02:05","startHours":25.08954018365244,"endHours":26.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"02:05","end":"03:05","startHours":26.08954018365244,"endHours":27.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"03:05","end":"04:05","startHours":27.08954018365244,"endHours":28.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"04:05","end":"05:05","startHours":28.08954018365244,"endHours":29.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"05:05","end":"06:05","startHours":29.08954018365244,"endHours":30.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"06:05","end":"07:05","startHours":30.08954018365244,"endHours":31.08954018365244,"planetary_lord":"Moon"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Bharaṇī","Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Ārdrā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Citrā","Svātī","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā","Śatabhiṣaj"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā","Revatī"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Mithuna","Kanyā","Tulā","Makara","Kumbha"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Vṛṣabha","Karka","Siṃha","Vṛścika","Dhanu","Mīna"]},"dishaShool":"South (Dakṣiṇa)","chandraVasa":"East","rahuVasa":"North-West","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Mṛtyu","quality":"Inauspicious"},"drikRitu":"Hemanta (Pre-winter)","vedicRitu":"Hemanta (Pre-winter)","drikAyana":"Uttarāyaṇa","vedicAyana":"Uttarāyaṇa","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization (Drikpanchang-parity)","declination":-20.955507287439723,"eotMinutes":-9.692901541777706,"ayanamsa":23.8117}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2054,"vikram_samvatsara":"Vikṛti","saka_samvat":1919,"saka_samvatsara":"Īśvara","bengali_samvat":1404,"malayalam_era":1173,"nanakshahi_year":528,"lunar_month":"Māgha","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Māgha Śukla Pakṣa","solar_month":"Makara (Tai)","ritu":"Śiśira (Winter)","display_summary":"Māgha Śukla Aṣṭamī · Vikram 2054 Vikṛti · Śaka 1919 Īśvara"},"festivals":[{"id":"makara-sankranti","name":"Makara Saṅkrānti (Uttarāyaṇa)","name_sanskrit":"मकर सङ्क्रान्ति","tradition":"Pan-Hindu","associated_deity":"Sūrya Bhagavān","significance":"Sun enters Capricorn; Uttarāyaṇa (north-going) begins. Bhīṣma's chosen mahaprasthāna time.","vrata":true,"detection":{"sun_rashi":"Makara"},"precedence":1,"sources":["Mahābhārata Bhīṣma-Stuti","Sūrya-Siddhānta"]},{"id":"bhishma-ashtami","name":"Bhīṣmāṣṭamī","name_sanskrit":"भीष्माष्टमी","tradition":"Pan-Hindu","associated_deity":"Bhīṣma Pitāmaha","significance":"Bhīṣma's mahaprasthāna anniversary (Māgha Śukla 8); Bhīṣma-tarpaṇa.","vrata":true,"detection":{"tithi_number":8,"tithi_paksha":"Śukla","lunar_month":"Māgha"},"precedence":2,"sources":["Mahābhārata, Anuśāsana Parva"]},{"id":"pongal","name":"Pongal / Thai Pongal","name_sanskrit":"पोङ्गल","tradition":"Regional","associated_deity":"Sūrya Bhagavān","significance":"Tamil 4-day harvest festival; coincides with Makara Saṅkrānti.","vrata":false,"detection":{"sun_rashi":"Makara"},"precedence":2}],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"guru-walk","name":"Bṛhaspati Walk","name_sanskrit":"गुरु यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Wisdom transmission + BG 4.34.","step_count":8,"url":"/walk/guru-walk"},"reason":"Guruvāra (Thursday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[{"historical_date":"-3137-12-25","event":"Bhīṣma's Mahaprasthan","chart_id":"bhishma","shared_marker":"same Śukla Aṣṭamī","url":"/day/-3137-12-25","relevance":0.5},{"historical_date":"-3101-02-18","event":"Kali Yuga Epoch","chart_id":"kali-yuga-epoch","shared_marker":"same Aśvinī","url":"/day/-3101-02-18","relevance":0.5}]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"kolhapur"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga January 16, 1997 CE · Kolhāpur, Maharashtra · Vidhyamitra","description":"January 16, 1997 CE for Kolhāpur, Maharashtra: Śukla Aṣṭamī, sūryodaya 07:05, sūryāsta 18:20.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-01-16","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-01-16","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-01-16","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-01-16","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1997-01-16"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-05-17T02:09:10.175Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-05-17T02:09:10.175Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["matches Drikpanchang ±1 minute on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-05-17T02:09:10.175Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"}}}