{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:kolhapur:1991-07-28:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1991-07-28","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"1991-07-28","date_display":"July 28, 1991 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":1991,"month":7,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2448465.770833,"kali_year":5093,"ahargana":1860000.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":100.2682,"rashi":4,"rashi_name":"Karka"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":295.9319,"rashi":10,"rashi_name":"Makara"},"tithi":{"number":17,"name":"Dvitīyā","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Dvitīyā","elongation_degrees":195.6637,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":3.6637},"nakshatra":{"number":23,"name":"Dhaniṣṭhā","pada":1,"moon_longitude":295.9319,"elapsed_within_degrees":2.5986},"yoga":{"number":3,"name":"Āyuṣmān","sum_longitude":36.2001},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":32,"name":"Taitila"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":1991,"month":7,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2448465.770833,"ahargana":1860000.2708,"kali_year":5093,"ayanamsa_lahiri":23.7352,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":100.75765999999999,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":8,"name":"Puṣya","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":294.73396,"rashi":{"number":10,"name":"Makara"},"nakshatra":{"number":23,"name":"Dhaniṣṭhā","pada":1},"retrograde":false,"latitude":2.0899},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":134.12236000000001,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":11,"name":"Pūrva Phalgunī","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":127.70756,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":10,"name":"Maghā","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":116.08126000000004,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":9,"name":"Aśleṣā","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":133.33006,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":10,"name":"Maghā","pada":4},"retrograde":true},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":279.54535999999996,"rashi":{"number":10,"name":"Makara"},"nakshatra":{"number":21,"name":"Uttara Āṣāḍhā","pada":4},"retrograde":true},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":268.2347,"rashi":{"number":9,"name":"Dhanu"},"nakshatra":{"number":21,"name":"Uttara Āṣāḍhā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":88.2347,"rashi":{"number":3,"name":"Mithuna"},"nakshatra":{"number":7,"name":"Punarvasu","pada":3},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":1991,"month":7,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2448465.770833,"kali_year":5093,"ahargana":1860000.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":100.2682,"rashi":4,"rashi_name":"Karka"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":295.9319,"rashi":10,"rashi_name":"Makara"},"tithi":{"number":17,"name":"Dvitīyā","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Dvitīyā","elongation_degrees":195.6637,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":3.6637},"nakshatra":{"number":23,"name":"Dhaniṣṭhā","pada":1,"moon_longitude":295.9319,"elapsed_within_degrees":2.5986},"yoga":{"number":3,"name":"Āyuṣmān","sum_longitude":36.2001},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":32,"name":"Taitila"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":2.09,"elongation":164.336},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":2.09,"opposition_distance":15.664}},"eclipse_window_40days":[]},"city":{"slug":"kolhapur","name":"Kolhāpur, Maharashtra","lat":16.705,"lon":74.2433,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Maharashtra","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"kolhapur","name":"Kolhāpur, Maharashtra","lat":16.705,"lon":74.2433,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"Maharashtra","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"sunriseLocal":"06:12","sunsetLocal":"19:07","solarNoonLocal":"12:39","dayLengthHours":12.92048033628014,"dayLengthDisplay":"12 Hours 55 Mins 14 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"11 Hours 04 Mins 46 Secs","moonriseLocal":"19:51","moonsetLocal":"07:19","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"17:30","end":"19:07","startHours":17.49846600404507,"endHours":19.11352604608009,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"12:39","end":"14:16","startHours":12.653285877940018,"endHours":14.268345919975037,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"15:53","end":"17:30","startHours":15.883405962010055,"endHours":17.49846600404507,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"09:12","end":"09:38","startHours":9.20782445493198,"endHours":9.638507132807986,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"06:44","end":"07:05","startHours":6.731399057144955,"endHours":7.0759451994457585,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"12:13","end":"13:05","startHours":12.222603200064015,"endHours":13.083968555816025,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"04:28","end":"05:20","startHours":4.4703149982959305,"endHours":5.33168035404794,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"05:07","end":"06:12","startHours":5.116339015109938,"endHours":6.193045709799949,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"14:48","end":"15:40","startHours":14.806699267320042,"endHours":15.66806462307205,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"18:55","end":"19:19","startHours":18.91352604608009,"endHours":19.31352604608009,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"19:07","end":"19:39","startHours":19.11352604608009,"endHours":19.651879393425094,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"18:52","end":"20:37","startHours":18.86352604608009,"endHours":20.61352604608009,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"00:13","end":"01:05","startHours":24.222603200064018,"endHours":25.083968555816025,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Udveg","start":"06:12","end":"07:48","startHours":6.193045709799949,"endHours":7.808105751834967,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"07:48","end":"09:25","startHours":7.808105751834967,"endHours":9.423165793869984,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"09:25","end":"11:02","startHours":9.423165793869984,"endHours":11.038225835905003,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"11:02","end":"12:39","startHours":11.038225835905003,"endHours":12.653285877940018,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"12:39","end":"14:16","startHours":12.653285877940018,"endHours":14.268345919975037,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"14:16","end":"15:53","startHours":14.268345919975037,"endHours":15.883405962010055,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"15:53","end":"17:30","startHours":15.883405962010055,"endHours":17.49846600404507,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"17:30","end":"19:07","startHours":17.49846600404507,"endHours":19.11352604608009,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Śubha","start":"19:07","end":"20:30","startHours":19.11352604608009,"endHours":20.49846600404507,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"20:30","end":"21:53","startHours":20.49846600404507,"endHours":21.883405962010055,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"21:53","end":"23:16","startHours":21.883405962010055,"endHours":23.268345919975037,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"23:16","end":"00:39","startHours":23.268345919975037,"endHours":24.65328587794002,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"00:39","end":"02:02","startHours":24.65328587794002,"endHours":26.038225835905003,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"02:02","end":"03:25","startHours":26.038225835905003,"endHours":27.423165793869984,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"03:25","end":"04:48","startHours":27.423165793869984,"endHours":28.808105751834965,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"04:48","end":"06:12","startHours":28.808105751834965,"endHours":30.19304570979995,"quality":"auspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"06:12","end":"07:12","startHours":6.193045709799949,"endHours":7.193045709799949,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"07:12","end":"08:12","startHours":7.193045709799949,"endHours":8.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"08:12","end":"09:12","startHours":8.19304570979995,"endHours":9.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"09:12","end":"10:12","startHours":9.19304570979995,"endHours":10.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"10:12","end":"11:12","startHours":10.19304570979995,"endHours":11.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"11:12","end":"12:12","startHours":11.19304570979995,"endHours":12.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"12:12","end":"13:12","startHours":12.19304570979995,"endHours":13.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"13:12","end":"14:12","startHours":13.19304570979995,"endHours":14.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"14:12","end":"15:12","startHours":14.19304570979995,"endHours":15.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"15:12","end":"16:12","startHours":15.19304570979995,"endHours":16.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"16:12","end":"17:12","startHours":16.19304570979995,"endHours":17.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"17:12","end":"18:12","startHours":17.19304570979995,"endHours":18.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"18:12","end":"19:12","startHours":18.19304570979995,"endHours":19.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"19:12","end":"20:12","startHours":19.19304570979995,"endHours":20.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"20:12","end":"21:12","startHours":20.19304570979995,"endHours":21.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"21:12","end":"22:12","startHours":21.19304570979995,"endHours":22.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"22:12","end":"23:12","startHours":22.19304570979995,"endHours":23.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"23:12","end":"00:12","startHours":23.19304570979995,"endHours":24.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"00:12","end":"01:12","startHours":24.19304570979995,"endHours":25.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"01:12","end":"02:12","startHours":25.19304570979995,"endHours":26.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"02:12","end":"03:12","startHours":26.19304570979995,"endHours":27.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"03:12","end":"04:12","startHours":27.19304570979995,"endHours":28.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"04:12","end":"05:12","startHours":28.19304570979995,"endHours":29.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"05:12","end":"06:12","startHours":29.19304570979995,"endHours":30.19304570979995,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Ārdrā","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Svātī","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Śatabhiṣaj","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā","Revatī"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Bharaṇī","Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Citrā","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Mithuna","Karka","Tulā","Vṛścika","Makara","Mīna"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Vṛṣabha","Siṃha","Kanyā","Dhanu","Kumbha"]},"dishaShool":"West (Paścim)","chandraVasa":"South-East","rahuVasa":"North-East","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Gada","quality":"Inauspicious"},"tropicalRitu":"Varṣā (Monsoon) (tropical)","vedicRitu":"Grīṣma (Summer)","tropicalAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","vedicAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization","declination":19.13589355746816,"eotMinutes":-6.170352676401169,"ayanamsa":23.7352}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2048,"vikram_samvatsara":"Tāraṇa","saka_samvat":1913,"saka_samvatsara":"Prajāpati","bengali_samvat":1398,"malayalam_era":1167,"nanakshahi_year":522,"lunar_month":"Śrāvaṇa","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Śrāvaṇa Kṛṣṇa Pakṣa","lunar_month_system":"purnimanta","lunar_month_purnimanta":"Śrāvaṇa","lunar_month_amanta":"Āṣāḍha","lunar_month_is_adhika":false,"lunar_month_purnimanta_is_adhika":false,"lunar_month_amanta_is_adhika":false,"solar_month":"Karkaṭa (Āḍi)","ritu":"Varṣā (Monsoon)","display_summary":"Śrāvaṇa Kṛṣṇa Dvitīyā · Vikram 2048 Tāraṇa · Śaka 1913 Prajāpati"},"festivals":[],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"surya-walk","name":"Sūrya Walk","name_sanskrit":"सूर्य यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Self-illumination + BG 4.1 (Sun-lineage of Gītā transmission).","step_count":6,"url":"/walk/surya-walk"},"reason":"Ravivāra (Sunday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"kolhapur"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga July 28, 1991 CE · Kolhāpur, Maharashtra · Vidhyamitra","description":"July 28, 1991 CE for Kolhāpur, Maharashtra: Kṛṣṇa Dvitīyā, sūryodaya 06:12, sūryāsta 19:07.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1991-07-28","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1991-07-28","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1991-07-28","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1991-07-28","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/kolhapur/1991-07-28"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-06-01T13:34:12.538Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-06-01T13:34:12.538Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["modern-reference checked timing on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-06-01T13:34:12.538Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"}}}