{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:howrah:2028-07-28:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2028-07-28","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"2028-07-28","date_display":"July 28, 2028 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2028,"month":7,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2461980.770833,"kali_year":5130,"ahargana":1873515.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":100.6728,"rashi":4,"rashi_name":"Karka"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":178.912,"rashi":6,"rashi_name":"Kanyā"},"tithi":{"number":7,"name":"Saptamī","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Saptamī","elongation_degrees":78.2392,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":6.2392},"nakshatra":{"number":14,"name":"Citrā","pada":2,"moon_longitude":178.912,"elapsed_within_degrees":5.5787},"yoga":{"number":21,"name":"Siddha","sum_longitude":279.5848},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":13,"name":"Vaṇija"},"vara":{"number":0,"name":"Śukravāra (Friday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":2028,"month":7,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2461980.770833,"ahargana":1873515.2708,"kali_year":5130,"ayanamsa_lahiri":24.2521,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":101.25448700000004,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":8,"name":"Puṣya","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":182.24358699999993,"rashi":{"number":7,"name":"Tulā"},"nakshatra":{"number":14,"name":"Citrā","pada":3},"retrograde":false,"latitude":-4.4928},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":70.184687,"rashi":{"number":3,"name":"Mithuna"},"nakshatra":{"number":6,"name":"Ārdrā","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":103.70108700000003,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":8,"name":"Puṣya","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":150.51628699999998,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":12,"name":"Uttara Phalgunī","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":55.901387,"rashi":{"number":2,"name":"Vṛṣabha"},"nakshatra":{"number":5,"name":"Mr̥gaśirā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":16.46158700000001,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":2,"name":"Bharaṇī","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":272.145,"rashi":{"number":10,"name":"Makara"},"nakshatra":{"number":21,"name":"Uttara Āṣāḍhā","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":92.145,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":7,"name":"Punarvasu","pada":4},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2028,"month":7,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2461980.770833,"kali_year":5130,"ahargana":1873515.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":100.6728,"rashi":4,"rashi_name":"Karka"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":178.912,"rashi":6,"rashi_name":"Kanyā"},"tithi":{"number":7,"name":"Saptamī","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Saptamī","elongation_degrees":78.2392,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":6.2392},"nakshatra":{"number":14,"name":"Citrā","pada":2,"moon_longitude":178.912,"elapsed_within_degrees":5.5787},"yoga":{"number":21,"name":"Siddha","sum_longitude":279.5848},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":13,"name":"Vaṇija"},"vara":{"number":0,"name":"Śukravāra (Friday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-4.493,"elongation":78.239},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-4.493,"opposition_distance":101.761}},"eclipse_window_40days":[{"offset_days":-6,"type":"solar","occurs":true,"moon_latitude":-0.016,"elongation":2.314},{"offset_days":8,"type":"lunar","occurs":true,"moon_latitude":1.134,"opposition_distance":1.947}]},"city":{"slug":"howrah","name":"Howrah, West Bengal","lat":22.5958,"lon":88.2636,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"West Bengal","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"howrah","name":"Howrah, West Bengal","lat":22.5958,"lon":88.2636,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"West Bengal","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"sunriseLocal":"05:07","sunsetLocal":"18:20","solarNoonLocal":"11:43","dayLengthHours":13.220318215396626,"dayLengthDisplay":"13 Hours 13 Mins 13 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"10 Hours 46 Mins 47 Secs","moonriseLocal":"11:22","moonsetLocal":"22:52","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"10:04","end":"11:43","startHours":10.066059434348775,"endHours":11.718599211273354,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"15:01","end":"16:41","startHours":15.02367876512251,"endHours":16.67621854204709,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"06:46","end":"08:25","startHours":6.760979880499618,"endHours":8.413519657424196,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"08:12","end":"08:38","startHours":8.19318102050092,"endHours":8.633858294347473,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"05:40","end":"06:01","startHours":5.659286695883233,"endHours":6.0118285149604755,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"11:17","end":"12:10","startHours":11.2779219374268,"endHours":12.159276485119907,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"03:21","end":"04:14","startHours":3.345731008188823,"endHours":4.227085555881931,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"04:00","end":"05:07","startHours":4.006746918958655,"endHours":5.10844010357504,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"13:55","end":"14:48","startHours":13.921985580506124,"endHours":14.803340128199233,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"18:08","end":"18:32","startHours":18.128758318971666,"endHours":18.528758318971665,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"18:20","end":"18:53","startHours":18.328758318971666,"endHours":18.87960491127986,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"18:05","end":"19:50","startHours":18.078758318971666,"endHours":19.828758318971666,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"23:17","end":"00:10","startHours":23.2779219374268,"endHours":24.159276485119907,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Chala","start":"05:07","end":"06:46","startHours":5.10844010357504,"endHours":6.760979880499618,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"06:46","end":"08:25","startHours":6.760979880499618,"endHours":8.413519657424196,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"08:25","end":"10:04","startHours":8.413519657424196,"endHours":10.066059434348775,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"10:04","end":"11:43","startHours":10.066059434348775,"endHours":11.718599211273354,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"11:43","end":"13:22","startHours":11.718599211273354,"endHours":13.37113898819793,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"13:22","end":"15:01","startHours":13.37113898819793,"endHours":15.02367876512251,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"15:01","end":"16:41","startHours":15.02367876512251,"endHours":16.67621854204709,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"16:41","end":"18:20","startHours":16.67621854204709,"endHours":18.328758318971666,"quality":"neutral"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Roga","start":"18:20","end":"19:41","startHours":18.328758318971666,"endHours":19.67621854204709,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"19:41","end":"21:01","startHours":19.67621854204709,"endHours":21.023678765122508,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"21:01","end":"22:22","startHours":21.023678765122508,"endHours":22.37113898819793,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"22:22","end":"23:43","startHours":22.37113898819793,"endHours":23.718599211273354,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"23:43","end":"01:04","startHours":23.718599211273354,"endHours":25.066059434348773,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"01:04","end":"02:25","startHours":25.066059434348773,"endHours":26.413519657424196,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"02:25","end":"03:46","startHours":26.413519657424196,"endHours":27.76097988049962,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"03:46","end":"05:07","startHours":27.76097988049962,"endHours":29.10844010357504,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"05:07","end":"06:07","startHours":5.10844010357504,"endHours":6.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"06:07","end":"07:07","startHours":6.10844010357504,"endHours":7.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"07:07","end":"08:07","startHours":7.10844010357504,"endHours":8.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"08:07","end":"09:07","startHours":8.10844010357504,"endHours":9.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"09:07","end":"10:07","startHours":9.10844010357504,"endHours":10.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"10:07","end":"11:07","startHours":10.10844010357504,"endHours":11.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"11:07","end":"12:07","startHours":11.10844010357504,"endHours":12.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"12:07","end":"13:07","startHours":12.10844010357504,"endHours":13.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"13:07","end":"14:07","startHours":13.10844010357504,"endHours":14.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"14:07","end":"15:07","startHours":14.10844010357504,"endHours":15.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"15:07","end":"16:07","startHours":15.10844010357504,"endHours":16.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"16:07","end":"17:07","startHours":16.10844010357504,"endHours":17.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"17:07","end":"18:07","startHours":17.10844010357504,"endHours":18.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"18:07","end":"19:07","startHours":18.10844010357504,"endHours":19.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"19:07","end":"20:07","startHours":19.10844010357504,"endHours":20.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"20:07","end":"21:07","startHours":20.10844010357504,"endHours":21.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"21:07","end":"22:07","startHours":21.10844010357504,"endHours":22.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"22:07","end":"23:07","startHours":22.10844010357504,"endHours":23.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"23:07","end":"00:07","startHours":23.10844010357504,"endHours":24.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"00:07","end":"01:07","startHours":24.10844010357504,"endHours":25.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"01:07","end":"02:07","startHours":25.10844010357504,"endHours":26.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"02:07","end":"03:07","startHours":26.10844010357504,"endHours":27.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"03:07","end":"04:07","startHours":27.10844010357504,"endHours":28.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"04:07","end":"05:07","startHours":28.10844010357504,"endHours":29.10844010357504,"planetary_lord":"Mars"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Ārdrā","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Svātī","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Śatabhiṣaj","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā","Revatī"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Bharaṇī","Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Citrā","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Karka","Siṃha","Tulā","Dhanu","Mīna"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Vṛṣabha","Mithuna","Kanyā","Vṛścika","Makara","Kumbha"]},"dishaShool":"West (Paścim)","chandraVasa":"North","rahuVasa":"South-East","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Dhvānkṣa","quality":"Inauspicious"},"drikRitu":"Varṣā (Monsoon) (Drik)","vedicRitu":"Grīṣma (Summer)","drikAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","vedicAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization (Drikpanchang-parity)","declination":18.89129130682644,"eotMinutes":-6.170352676401169,"ayanamsa":24.2521}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2085,"vikram_samvatsara":"Durmati","saka_samvat":1950,"saka_samvatsara":"Kīlaka","bengali_samvat":1435,"malayalam_era":1204,"nanakshahi_year":559,"lunar_month":"Śrāvaṇa","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Śrāvaṇa Śukla Pakṣa","solar_month":"Karkaṭa (Āḍi)","ritu":"Varṣā (Monsoon)","display_summary":"Śrāvaṇa Śukla Saptamī · Vikram 2085 Durmati · Śaka 1950 Kīlaka"},"festivals":[{"id":"karka-sankranti","name":"Karka Saṅkrānti (Dakṣiṇāyana)","name_sanskrit":"कर्क सङ्क्रान्ति","tradition":"Pan-Hindu","associated_deity":"Sūrya Bhagavān","significance":"Sun enters Cancer; Dakṣiṇāyana (south-going) begins. Devatā-rātri begins.","vrata":true,"detection":{"sun_rashi":"Karka"},"precedence":2}],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"shukra-walk","name":"Śukra Walk","name_sanskrit":"शुक्र यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Beauty + creativity in dharma + BG 10.36.","step_count":5,"url":"/walk/shukra-walk"},"reason":"Śukravāra (Friday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"howrah"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga July 28, 2028 CE · Howrah, West Bengal · Vidhyamitra","description":"July 28, 2028 CE for Howrah, West Bengal: Śukla Saptamī, sūryodaya 05:07, sūryāsta 18:20.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2028-07-28","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2028-07-28","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2028-07-28","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2028-07-28","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2028-07-28"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-05-14T20:12:57.630Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-05-14T20:12:57.630Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["matches Drikpanchang ±1 minute on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-05-14T20:12:57.630Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"}}}