{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:howrah:2027-07-31:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2027-07-31","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"2027-07-31","date_display":"July 31, 2027 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2027,"month":7,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2461617.770833,"kali_year":5129,"ahargana":1873152.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":102.8184,"rashi":4,"rashi_name":"Karka"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":70.7531,"rashi":3,"rashi_name":"Mithuna"},"tithi":{"number":28,"name":"Trayodaśī","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Trayodaśī","elongation_degrees":327.9347,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":3.9347},"nakshatra":{"number":6,"name":"Ārdrā","pada":2,"moon_longitude":70.7531,"elapsed_within_degrees":4.0864},"yoga":{"number":14,"name":"Harṣaṇa","sum_longitude":173.5715},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":54,"name":"Gara"},"vara":{"number":1,"name":"Śanivāra (Saturday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":2027,"month":7,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2461617.770833,"ahargana":1873152.2708,"kali_year":5129,"ayanamsa_lahiri":24.2382,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":103.41105600000003,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":8,"name":"Puṣya","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":69.70935600000001,"rashi":{"number":3,"name":"Mithuna"},"nakshatra":{"number":6,"name":"Ārdrā","pada":1},"retrograde":false,"latitude":2.9283},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":164.68325600000003,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":13,"name":"Hasta","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":90.59035599999999,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":7,"name":"Punarvasu","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":126.54465600000003,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":10,"name":"Maghā","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":99.747256,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":8,"name":"Puṣya","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":3.579656,"rashi":{"number":1,"name":"Meṣa"},"nakshatra":{"number":1,"name":"Aśvinī","pada":2},"retrograde":true},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":291.3785,"rashi":{"number":10,"name":"Makara"},"nakshatra":{"number":22,"name":"Śravaṇa","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":111.3785,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":9,"name":"Āśleṣā","pada":2},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2027,"month":7,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2461617.770833,"kali_year":5129,"ahargana":1873152.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":102.8184,"rashi":4,"rashi_name":"Karka"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":70.7531,"rashi":3,"rashi_name":"Mithuna"},"tithi":{"number":28,"name":"Trayodaśī","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Trayodaśī","elongation_degrees":327.9347,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":3.9347},"nakshatra":{"number":6,"name":"Ārdrā","pada":2,"moon_longitude":70.7531,"elapsed_within_degrees":4.0864},"yoga":{"number":14,"name":"Harṣaṇa","sum_longitude":173.5715},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":54,"name":"Gara"},"vara":{"number":1,"name":"Śanivāra (Saturday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":2.928,"elongation":32.065},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":2.928,"opposition_distance":147.935}},"eclipse_window_40days":[{"offset_days":17,"type":"lunar","occurs":true,"moon_latitude":0.487,"opposition_distance":2.324}]},"city":{"slug":"howrah","name":"Howrah, West Bengal","lat":22.5958,"lon":88.2636,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"West Bengal","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"howrah","name":"Howrah, West Bengal","lat":22.5958,"lon":88.2636,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"West Bengal","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"sunriseLocal":"05:07","sunsetLocal":"18:19","solarNoonLocal":"11:43","dayLengthHours":13.186385091627866,"dayLengthDisplay":"13 Hours 11 Mins 11 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"10 Hours 48 Mins 49 Secs","moonriseLocal":"02:44","moonsetLocal":"16:12","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"08:25","end":"10:04","startHours":8.420353302298881,"endHours":10.068651438752365,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"13:22","end":"15:01","startHours":13.365247711659332,"endHours":15.013545848112813,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"05:07","end":"06:46","startHours":5.123757029391915,"endHours":6.772055165845398,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"08:12","end":"08:38","startHours":8.200580217438418,"endHours":8.640126387159345,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"05:40","end":"06:01","startHours":5.6731897415430765,"endHours":6.02482667731982,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"11:17","end":"12:09","startHours":11.277403405484918,"endHours":12.156495744926776,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"03:22","end":"04:15","startHours":3.3655723505081996,"endHours":4.244664689950057,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"04:01","end":"05:07","startHours":4.024891605089593,"endHours":5.123757029391915,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"13:55","end":"14:48","startHours":13.914680423810491,"endHours":14.793772763252349,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"18:07","end":"18:31","startHours":18.11014212101978,"endHours":18.51014212101978,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"18:19","end":"18:52","startHours":18.31014212101978,"endHours":18.859574833170942,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"18:04","end":"19:49","startHours":18.06014212101978,"endHours":19.81014212101978,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"23:17","end":"00:09","startHours":23.277403405484918,"endHours":24.156495744926772,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Kāla","start":"05:07","end":"06:46","startHours":5.123757029391915,"endHours":6.772055165845398,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"06:46","end":"08:25","startHours":6.772055165845398,"endHours":8.420353302298881,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"08:25","end":"10:04","startHours":8.420353302298881,"endHours":10.068651438752365,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"10:04","end":"11:43","startHours":10.068651438752365,"endHours":11.716949575205849,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"11:43","end":"13:22","startHours":11.716949575205849,"endHours":13.365247711659332,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"13:22","end":"15:01","startHours":13.365247711659332,"endHours":15.013545848112813,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"15:01","end":"16:40","startHours":15.013545848112813,"endHours":16.661843984566296,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"16:40","end":"18:19","startHours":16.661843984566296,"endHours":18.31014212101978,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Labha","start":"18:19","end":"19:40","startHours":18.31014212101978,"endHours":19.661843984566296,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"19:40","end":"21:01","startHours":19.661843984566296,"endHours":21.013545848112813,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"21:01","end":"22:22","startHours":21.013545848112813,"endHours":22.36524771165933,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"22:22","end":"23:43","startHours":22.36524771165933,"endHours":23.716949575205845,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"23:43","end":"01:04","startHours":23.716949575205845,"endHours":25.06865143875236,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"01:04","end":"02:25","startHours":25.06865143875236,"endHours":26.42035330229888,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"02:25","end":"03:46","startHours":26.42035330229888,"endHours":27.772055165845398,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"03:46","end":"05:07","startHours":27.772055165845398,"endHours":29.123757029391914,"quality":"auspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"05:07","end":"06:07","startHours":5.123757029391915,"endHours":6.123757029391915,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"06:07","end":"07:07","startHours":6.123757029391915,"endHours":7.123757029391915,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"07:07","end":"08:07","startHours":7.123757029391915,"endHours":8.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"08:07","end":"09:07","startHours":8.123757029391914,"endHours":9.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"09:07","end":"10:07","startHours":9.123757029391914,"endHours":10.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"10:07","end":"11:07","startHours":10.123757029391914,"endHours":11.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"11:07","end":"12:07","startHours":11.123757029391914,"endHours":12.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"12:07","end":"13:07","startHours":12.123757029391914,"endHours":13.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"13:07","end":"14:07","startHours":13.123757029391914,"endHours":14.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"14:07","end":"15:07","startHours":14.123757029391914,"endHours":15.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"15:07","end":"16:07","startHours":15.123757029391914,"endHours":16.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"16:07","end":"17:07","startHours":16.123757029391914,"endHours":17.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"17:07","end":"18:07","startHours":17.123757029391914,"endHours":18.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"18:07","end":"19:07","startHours":18.123757029391914,"endHours":19.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"19:07","end":"20:07","startHours":19.123757029391914,"endHours":20.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"20:07","end":"21:07","startHours":20.123757029391914,"endHours":21.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"21:07","end":"22:07","startHours":21.123757029391914,"endHours":22.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"22:07","end":"23:07","startHours":22.123757029391914,"endHours":23.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"23:07","end":"00:07","startHours":23.123757029391914,"endHours":24.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"00:07","end":"01:07","startHours":24.123757029391914,"endHours":25.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"01:07","end":"02:07","startHours":25.123757029391914,"endHours":26.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"02:07","end":"03:07","startHours":26.123757029391914,"endHours":27.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"03:07","end":"04:07","startHours":27.123757029391914,"endHours":28.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"04:07","end":"05:07","startHours":28.123757029391914,"endHours":29.123757029391914,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Bharaṇī","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā","Revatī"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Ārdrā","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Citrā","Svātī","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā","Śatabhiṣaj"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Mithuna","Siṃha","Vṛścika","Dhanu","Mīna"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Vṛṣabha","Karka","Kanyā","Tulā","Makara","Kumbha"]},"dishaShool":"East (Pūrva)","chandraVasa":"South","rahuVasa":"East","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Kāladaṇḍa","quality":"Inauspicious"},"drikRitu":"Varṣā (Monsoon) (Drik)","vedicRitu":"Grīṣma (Summer)","drikAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","vedicAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization (Drikpanchang-parity)","declination":18.35541513867788,"eotMinutes":-6.071374512350812,"ayanamsa":24.2382}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2084,"vikram_samvatsara":"Raudra","saka_samvat":1949,"saka_samvatsara":"Plavaṅga","bengali_samvat":1434,"malayalam_era":1203,"nanakshahi_year":558,"lunar_month":"Śrāvaṇa","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Śrāvaṇa Kṛṣṇa Pakṣa","solar_month":"Karkaṭa (Āḍi)","ritu":"Varṣā (Monsoon)","display_summary":"Śrāvaṇa Kṛṣṇa Trayodaśī · Vikram 2084 Raudra · Śaka 1949 Plavaṅga"},"festivals":[{"id":"karka-sankranti","name":"Karka Saṅkrānti (Dakṣiṇāyana)","name_sanskrit":"कर्क सङ्क्रान्ति","tradition":"Pan-Hindu","associated_deity":"Sūrya Bhagavān","significance":"Sun enters Cancer; Dakṣiṇāyana (south-going) begins. Devatā-rātri begins.","vrata":true,"detection":{"sun_rashi":"Karka"},"precedence":2},{"id":"pradosha-vrata","name":"Pradoṣa Vrata","name_sanskrit":"प्रदोष व्रत","tradition":"Shaiva","associated_deity":"Śiva","significance":"Twilight worship of Śiva on Trayodaśī.","vrata":true,"detection":{"any_of":[{"tithi_number":13},{"tithi_number":28}]},"precedence":7}],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"shani-walk","name":"Śani Walk","name_sanskrit":"शनि यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Tapas + endurance + BG 17.14-19.","step_count":7,"url":"/walk/shani-walk"},"reason":"Śanivāra (Saturday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"howrah"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga July 31, 2027 CE · Howrah, West Bengal · Vidhyamitra","description":"July 31, 2027 CE for Howrah, West Bengal: Kṛṣṇa Trayodaśī, sūryodaya 05:07, sūryāsta 18:19.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2027-07-31","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2027-07-31","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2027-07-31","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2027-07-31","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2027-07-31"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-05-14T21:38:55.817Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-05-14T21:38:55.817Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["matches Drikpanchang ±1 minute on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-05-14T21:38:55.817Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"}}}