{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:howrah:2025-09-28:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2025-09-28","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"2025-09-28","date_display":"September 28, 2025 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2025,"month":9,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2460946.770833,"kali_year":5127,"ahargana":1872481.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":160.1581,"rashi":6,"rashi_name":"Kanyā"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":232.2828,"rashi":8,"rashi_name":"Vṛścika"},"tithi":{"number":7,"name":"Saptamī","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Saptamī","elongation_degrees":72.1247,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":0.1247},"nakshatra":{"number":18,"name":"Jyeṣṭhā","pada":2,"moon_longitude":232.2828,"elapsed_within_degrees":5.6161},"yoga":{"number":3,"name":"Āyuṣmān","sum_longitude":32.4409},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":12,"name":"Gara"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":2025,"month":9,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2460946.770833,"ahargana":1872481.2708,"kali_year":5127,"ayanamsa_lahiri":24.2126,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":160.96529399999997,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":13,"name":"Hasta","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":229.260894,"rashi":{"number":8,"name":"Vṛścika"},"nakshatra":{"number":18,"name":"Jyeṣṭhā","pada":1},"retrograde":false,"latitude":-4.4852},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":189.28079400000001,"rashi":{"number":7,"name":"Tulā"},"nakshatra":{"number":15,"name":"Svātī","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":171.75419399999998,"rashi":{"number":6,"name":"Kanyā"},"nakshatra":{"number":13,"name":"Hasta","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":87.769294,"rashi":{"number":3,"name":"Mithuna"},"nakshatra":{"number":7,"name":"Punarvasu","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":135.89189399999998,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":11,"name":"Pūrva Phalgunī","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":333.838794,"rashi":{"number":12,"name":"Mīna"},"nakshatra":{"number":26,"name":"Uttara Bhādrapadā","pada":1},"retrograde":true},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":326.9313,"rashi":{"number":11,"name":"Kumbha"},"nakshatra":{"number":25,"name":"Pūrva Bhādrapadā","pada":3},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":146.9313,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":12,"name":"Uttara Phalgunī","pada":1},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2025,"month":9,"day":28,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2460946.770833,"kali_year":5127,"ahargana":1872481.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":160.1581,"rashi":6,"rashi_name":"Kanyā"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":232.2828,"rashi":8,"rashi_name":"Vṛścika"},"tithi":{"number":7,"name":"Saptamī","paksha":"Śukla","full_name":"Śukla Saptamī","elongation_degrees":72.1247,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":0.1247},"nakshatra":{"number":18,"name":"Jyeṣṭhā","pada":2,"moon_longitude":232.2828,"elapsed_within_degrees":5.6161},"yoga":{"number":3,"name":"Āyuṣmān","sum_longitude":32.4409},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":12,"name":"Gara"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-4.485,"elongation":72.125},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-4.485,"opposition_distance":107.875}},"eclipse_window_40days":[{"offset_days":-20,"type":"lunar","occurs":true,"moon_latitude":-0.388,"opposition_distance":2.369}]},"city":{"slug":"howrah","name":"Howrah, West Bengal","lat":22.5958,"lon":88.2636,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"West Bengal","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"howrah","name":"Howrah, West Bengal","lat":22.5958,"lon":88.2636,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"West Bengal","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"sunriseLocal":"05:27","sunsetLocal":"17:27","solarNoonLocal":"11:27","dayLengthHours":12.006179710803433,"dayLengthDisplay":"12 Hours 00 Mins 22 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"11 Hours 59 Mins 38 Secs","moonriseLocal":"10:37","moonsetLocal":"21:23","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"15:57","end":"17:27","startHours":15.948397566420997,"endHours":17.44917003027143,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"11:27","end":"12:57","startHours":11.44608017486971,"endHours":12.946852638720141,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"14:27","end":"15:57","startHours":14.44762510257057,"endHours":15.948397566420997,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"08:15","end":"08:39","startHours":8.244432251988796,"endHours":8.64463824234891,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"05:57","end":"06:16","startHours":5.943247807418137,"endHours":6.263412599706228,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"11:03","end":"11:51","startHours":11.045874184509598,"endHours":11.846286165229825,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"03:51","end":"04:39","startHours":3.8421663580275363,"endHours":4.642578338747765,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"04:27","end":"05:27","startHours":4.4424753435677085,"endHours":5.442990319467994,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"13:27","end":"14:15","startHours":13.447110126670282,"endHours":14.24752210739051,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"17:15","end":"17:39","startHours":17.24917003027143,"endHours":17.649170030271428,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"17:27","end":"17:57","startHours":17.44917003027143,"endHours":17.949427518221572,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"17:12","end":"18:57","startHours":17.19917003027143,"endHours":18.94917003027143,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"23:03","end":"23:51","startHours":23.0458741845096,"endHours":23.846286165229827,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Udveg","start":"05:27","end":"06:57","startHours":5.442990319467994,"endHours":6.943762783318423,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"06:57","end":"08:27","startHours":6.943762783318423,"endHours":8.444535247168853,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"08:27","end":"09:57","startHours":8.444535247168853,"endHours":9.945307711019282,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"09:57","end":"11:27","startHours":9.945307711019282,"endHours":11.44608017486971,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"11:27","end":"12:57","startHours":11.44608017486971,"endHours":12.946852638720141,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"12:57","end":"14:27","startHours":12.946852638720141,"endHours":14.44762510257057,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"14:27","end":"15:57","startHours":14.44762510257057,"endHours":15.948397566420997,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"15:57","end":"17:27","startHours":15.948397566420997,"endHours":17.44917003027143,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Śubha","start":"17:27","end":"18:57","startHours":17.44917003027143,"endHours":18.948397566421,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"18:57","end":"20:27","startHours":18.948397566421,"endHours":20.44762510257057,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"20:27","end":"21:57","startHours":20.44762510257057,"endHours":21.94685263872014,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"21:57","end":"23:27","startHours":21.94685263872014,"endHours":23.446080174869714,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"23:27","end":"00:57","startHours":23.446080174869714,"endHours":24.945307711019282,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"00:57","end":"02:27","startHours":24.945307711019282,"endHours":26.444535247168854,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"02:27","end":"03:57","startHours":26.444535247168854,"endHours":27.943762783318427,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"03:57","end":"05:27","startHours":27.943762783318427,"endHours":29.442990319467995,"quality":"auspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"05:27","end":"06:27","startHours":5.442990319467994,"endHours":6.442990319467994,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"06:27","end":"07:27","startHours":6.442990319467994,"endHours":7.442990319467994,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"07:27","end":"08:27","startHours":7.442990319467994,"endHours":8.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"08:27","end":"09:27","startHours":8.442990319467995,"endHours":9.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"09:27","end":"10:27","startHours":9.442990319467995,"endHours":10.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"10:27","end":"11:27","startHours":10.442990319467995,"endHours":11.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"11:27","end":"12:27","startHours":11.442990319467995,"endHours":12.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"12:27","end":"13:27","startHours":12.442990319467995,"endHours":13.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"13:27","end":"14:27","startHours":13.442990319467995,"endHours":14.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"14:27","end":"15:27","startHours":14.442990319467995,"endHours":15.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"15:27","end":"16:27","startHours":15.442990319467995,"endHours":16.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"16:27","end":"17:27","startHours":16.442990319467995,"endHours":17.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"17:27","end":"18:27","startHours":17.442990319467995,"endHours":18.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"18:27","end":"19:27","startHours":18.442990319467995,"endHours":19.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"19:27","end":"20:27","startHours":19.442990319467995,"endHours":20.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"20:27","end":"21:27","startHours":20.442990319467995,"endHours":21.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"21:27","end":"22:27","startHours":21.442990319467995,"endHours":22.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"22:27","end":"23:27","startHours":22.442990319467995,"endHours":23.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"23:27","end":"00:27","startHours":23.442990319467995,"endHours":24.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"00:27","end":"01:27","startHours":24.442990319467995,"endHours":25.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"01:27","end":"02:27","startHours":25.442990319467995,"endHours":26.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"02:27","end":"03:27","startHours":26.442990319467995,"endHours":27.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"03:27","end":"04:27","startHours":27.442990319467995,"endHours":28.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"04:27","end":"05:27","startHours":28.442990319467995,"endHours":29.442990319467995,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Bharaṇī","Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Maghā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Citrā","Mūla","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Ārdrā","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Aśleṣā","Svātī","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Jyeṣṭhā","Śatabhiṣaj","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā","Revatī"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Vṛṣabha","Siṃha","Kanyā","Vṛścika","Makara"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Mithuna","Karka","Tulā","Dhanu","Kumbha","Mīna"]},"dishaShool":"West (Paścim)","chandraVasa":"North-East","rahuVasa":"North-East","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Kāṇa","quality":"Inauspicious"},"tropicalRitu":"Śarad (Autumn) (tropical)","vedicRitu":"Varṣā (Monsoon)","tropicalAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","vedicAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization","declination":-2.0570563592485143,"eotMinutes":10.180789507817288,"ayanamsa":24.2126}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2082,"vikram_samvatsara":"Kālayukta","saka_samvat":1947,"saka_samvatsara":"Viśvāvasu","bengali_samvat":1432,"malayalam_era":1201,"nanakshahi_year":556,"lunar_month":"Āśvina","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Āśvina Śukla Pakṣa","lunar_month_system":"purnimanta","lunar_month_purnimanta":"Āśvina","lunar_month_amanta":"Āśvina","lunar_month_is_adhika":false,"lunar_month_purnimanta_is_adhika":false,"lunar_month_amanta_is_adhika":false,"solar_month":"Kanyā (Puraṭṭāsi)","ritu":"Śarad (Autumn)","display_summary":"Āśvina Śukla Saptamī · Vikram 2082 Kālayukta · Śaka 1947 Viśvāvasu"},"festivals":[],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"surya-walk","name":"Sūrya Walk","name_sanskrit":"सूर्य यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Self-illumination + BG 4.1 (Sun-lineage of Gītā transmission).","step_count":6,"url":"/walk/surya-walk"},"reason":"Ravivāra (Sunday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"howrah"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga September 28, 2025 CE · Howrah, West Bengal · Vidhyamitra","description":"September 28, 2025 CE for Howrah, West Bengal: Śukla Saptamī, sūryodaya 05:27, sūryāsta 17:27.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2025-09-28","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2025-09-28","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2025-09-28","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2025-09-28","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2025-09-28"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-07-26T09:07:10.045Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-07-26T09:07:10.045Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["modern-reference checked timing on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-07-26T09:07:10.045Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"},"reader_local_antaryami":{"reader_geography":"Every reader enters from their own kṣetra anywhere on Bhūmi; no founder-city is the universal center.","purna_chain":["Goloka/Vraja Rādhā-Krishna","Vaikuṇṭha Lakṣmī-Nārāyaṇa","Mahāviṣṇu/Kāraṇodakaśāyī Viṣṇu","Garbhodakaśāyī Viṣṇu","Brahmā","Kṣīrodaka Paramātmā/Antaryāmī (Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu)","Bhūmi","reader's own kṣetra anywhere on Bhūmi","exact reading kṣetra","Divyāṁśa-bhakta","chitta/vāṇī/aṅgulī","keyboard-silicon-pathways","Vidhyāmitra substrate","reader/seer","Krishna"],"antaryami_responsibility_formula":"Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṇu = Paramātmā = Antaryāmī. Jīva desires. Prakṛti executes through guṇas. Paramātmā witnesses, permits, remembers, guides, and sustains. Bhagavān is the ultimate source.","source_anchors":[{"label":"BG 13.23","path":"/bhagavad-gita/13/23","meaning":"upadraṣṭā-anumantā · witness-permitter"},{"label":"BG 15.15","path":"/bhagavad-gita/15/15","meaning":"the Lord seated in every heart as memory, knowledge, and forgetting"},{"label":"BG 18.61","path":"/bhagavad-gita/18/61","meaning":"Īśvara seated in the heart of all beings"}],"nama_seal":"Hare Krishna Hare Krishna · Krishna Krishna Hare Hare · Hare Rama Hare Rama · Rama Rama Hare Hare"}}}