{"id":"vidhyamitra:city-day:howrah:2016-07-31:en","page_class":"VM-CD-city-day","url":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2016-07-31","language":{"target_lang":"en","base_lang":"en","quality_tier":"canonical"},"data":{"date":"2016-07-31","date_display":"July 31, 2016 CE","panchanga":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2016,"month":7,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2457600.770833,"kali_year":5118,"ahargana":1869135.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":103.6227,"rashi":4,"rashi_name":"Karka"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":68.793,"rashi":3,"rashi_name":"Mithuna"},"tithi":{"number":28,"name":"Trayodaśī","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Trayodaśī","elongation_degrees":325.1703,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":1.1703},"nakshatra":{"number":6,"name":"Ārdrā","pada":1,"moon_longitude":68.793,"elapsed_within_degrees":2.1263},"yoga":{"number":13,"name":"Vyāghāta","sum_longitude":172.4157},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":54,"name":"Gara"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"sky":{"method":"Sūrya-Siddhāntic Bhāskara-II 4-step iteration with atan2-based śīghra + varying peripheries + lunar latitude","engine_version":"3.0 (Pūrṇa — complete SS implementation)","tradition_sources":"Āryabhaṭīya 499 CE → SS Ch.1-5 Burgess 1860 → Siddhānta-Śiromaṇi Bhāskara II 1150 → Tantrasaṅgraha Nīlakaṇṭha 1501","input":{"year":2016,"month":7,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2457600.770833,"ahargana":1869135.2708,"kali_year":5118,"ayanamsa_lahiri":24.0846,"grahas":{"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":104.19363499999997,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":8,"name":"Puṣya","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":68.14103499999999,"rashi":{"number":3,"name":"Mithuna"},"nakshatra":{"number":6,"name":"Ārdrā","pada":1},"retrograde":false,"latitude":-4.3549},"mars":{"sidereal_longitude":214.79213500000003,"rashi":{"number":8,"name":"Vṛścika"},"nakshatra":{"number":17,"name":"Anurādhā","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"mercury":{"sidereal_longitude":126.11433499999998,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":10,"name":"Maghā","pada":2},"retrograde":false},"jupiter":{"sidereal_longitude":147.203735,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":12,"name":"Uttara Phalgunī","pada":1},"retrograde":false},"venus":{"sidereal_longitude":118.83203500000002,"rashi":{"number":4,"name":"Karka"},"nakshatra":{"number":9,"name":"Aśleṣā","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"saturn":{"sidereal_longitude":225.647735,"rashi":{"number":8,"name":"Vṛścika"},"nakshatra":{"number":17,"name":"Anurādhā","pada":4},"retrograde":true},"rahu":{"sidereal_longitude":144.2184,"rashi":{"number":5,"name":"Siṃha"},"nakshatra":{"number":11,"name":"Pūrva Phalgunī","pada":4},"retrograde":false},"ketu":{"sidereal_longitude":324.2184,"rashi":{"number":11,"name":"Kumbha"},"nakshatra":{"number":25,"name":"Pūrva Bhādrapadā","pada":2},"retrograde":false}},"panchang":{"method":"Sūrya Siddhānta + Bhāskara-II iterative manda + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) evection + variation + annual equation","engine_version":"2.0 (Kerala-school enhanced)","accuracy_note":"Sub-degree on Moon at any Kali-Yuga date (~2-5° residual max)","tradition_chain":"Āryabhaṭa(499) → Brahmagupta(628) → Bhāskara II(1150) → Mādhava(~1400) → Parameśvara(1430) → Nīlakaṇṭha(1501) → this","input":{"year":2016,"month":7,"day":31,"hour":6,"minute":30,"second":0,"calendar":"gregorian"},"julian_day":2457600.770833,"kali_year":5118,"ahargana":1869135.2708,"sun":{"sidereal_longitude":103.6227,"rashi":4,"rashi_name":"Karka"},"moon":{"sidereal_longitude":68.793,"rashi":3,"rashi_name":"Mithuna"},"tithi":{"number":28,"name":"Trayodaśī","paksha":"Kṛṣṇa","full_name":"Kṛṣṇa Trayodaśī","elongation_degrees":325.1703,"elapsed_within_tithi_degrees":1.1703},"nakshatra":{"number":6,"name":"Ārdrā","pada":1,"moon_longitude":68.793,"elapsed_within_degrees":2.1263},"yoga":{"number":13,"name":"Vyāghāta","sum_longitude":172.4157},"karana":{"half_tithi_index":54,"name":"Gara"},"vara":{"number":2,"name":"Ravivāra (Sunday)"}},"eclipse_current":{"solar":{"type":"solar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-4.355,"elongation":34.83},"lunar":{"type":"lunar","occurs":false,"moon_latitude":-4.355,"opposition_distance":145.17}},"eclipse_window_40days":[]},"city":{"slug":"howrah","name":"Howrah, West Bengal","lat":22.5958,"lon":88.2636,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"West Bengal","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"tier2":{"city":{"slug":"howrah","name":"Howrah, West Bengal","lat":22.5958,"lon":88.2636,"tz_offset_hours":5.5,"state":"West Bengal","country":"IN","tier":"tier-1"},"sunriseLocal":"05:08","sunsetLocal":"18:18","solarNoonLocal":"11:43","dayLengthHours":13.176171249752766,"dayLengthDisplay":"13 Hours 10 Mins 34 Secs","nightLengthDisplay":"10 Hours 49 Mins 26 Secs","moonriseLocal":"02:34","moonsetLocal":"16:03","rahuKala":{"name":"Rāhu Kāla","start":"16:39","end":"18:18","startHours":16.658013793863134,"endHours":18.30503520008223,"quality":"inauspicious"},"yamaganda":{"name":"Yamaganda","start":"11:43","end":"13:22","startHours":11.716949575205845,"endHours":13.363970981424941,"quality":"inauspicious"},"gulika":{"name":"Gulika Kāla","start":"15:01","end":"16:39","startHours":15.010992387644038,"endHours":16.658013793863134,"quality":"inauspicious"},"durMuhurta":[{"name":"Dur Muhūrta","start":"08:12","end":"08:39","startHours":8.203303908605108,"endHours":8.642509616930202,"quality":"avoid"}],"varjyam":{"name":"Varjyam","start":"05:41","end":"06:02","startHours":5.677871085735829,"endHours":6.0292356523959025,"quality":"avoid"},"abhijit":{"name":"Abhijit Muhūrta","start":"11:17","end":"12:09","startHours":11.277743866880755,"endHours":12.15615528353094,"quality":"auspicious"},"brahmaMuhurta":{"name":"Brahma Muhūrta","start":"03:22","end":"04:15","startHours":3.3720411170290943,"endHours":4.250452533679279,"quality":"auspicious"},"pratahSandhya":{"name":"Prātaḥ Sandhyā","start":"04:02","end":"05:08","startHours":4.030849679516733,"endHours":5.128863950329463,"quality":"auspicious"},"vijayaMuhurta":{"name":"Vijaya Muhūrta","start":"13:55","end":"14:47","startHours":13.912978116831308,"endHours":14.791389533481492,"quality":"auspicious"},"godhuliMuhurta":{"name":"Godhūli Muhūrta","start":"18:06","end":"18:30","startHours":18.10503520008223,"endHours":18.50503520008223,"quality":"auspicious"},"sayahnaSandhya":{"name":"Sāyāhna Sandhyā","start":"18:18","end":"18:51","startHours":18.30503520008223,"endHours":18.854042335488597,"quality":"auspicious"},"amritKala":{"name":"Amṛta Kāla","start":"18:03","end":"19:48","startHours":18.05503520008223,"endHours":19.80503520008223,"quality":"auspicious"},"nishitaMuhurta":{"name":"Niśīta Muhūrta","start":"23:17","end":"00:09","startHours":23.277743866880755,"endHours":24.156155283530936,"quality":"auspicious"},"dayChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Udveg","start":"05:08","end":"06:47","startHours":5.128863950329463,"endHours":6.775885356548558,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"06:47","end":"08:25","startHours":6.775885356548558,"endHours":8.422906762767655,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"08:25","end":"10:04","startHours":8.422906762767655,"endHours":10.069928168986749,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"10:04","end":"11:43","startHours":10.069928168986749,"endHours":11.716949575205845,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"11:43","end":"13:22","startHours":11.716949575205845,"endHours":13.363970981424941,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"13:22","end":"15:01","startHours":13.363970981424941,"endHours":15.010992387644038,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"15:01","end":"16:39","startHours":15.010992387644038,"endHours":16.658013793863134,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"16:39","end":"18:18","startHours":16.658013793863134,"endHours":18.30503520008223,"quality":"inauspicious"}],"nightChoghadiyas":[{"name":"Śubha","start":"18:18","end":"19:39","startHours":18.30503520008223,"endHours":19.658013793863134,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Roga","start":"19:39","end":"21:01","startHours":19.658013793863134,"endHours":21.010992387644038,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Udveg","start":"21:01","end":"22:22","startHours":21.010992387644038,"endHours":22.36397098142494,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Chala","start":"22:22","end":"23:43","startHours":22.36397098142494,"endHours":23.716949575205845,"quality":"neutral"},{"name":"Labha","start":"23:43","end":"01:04","startHours":23.716949575205845,"endHours":25.06992816898675,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Amṛta","start":"01:04","end":"02:25","startHours":25.06992816898675,"endHours":26.422906762767656,"quality":"auspicious"},{"name":"Kāla","start":"02:25","end":"03:47","startHours":26.422906762767656,"endHours":27.77588535654856,"quality":"inauspicious"},{"name":"Śubha","start":"03:47","end":"05:08","startHours":27.77588535654856,"endHours":29.128863950329464,"quality":"auspicious"}],"horas":[{"name":"Hora 1","start":"05:08","end":"06:08","startHours":5.128863950329463,"endHours":6.128863950329463,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 2","start":"06:08","end":"07:08","startHours":6.128863950329463,"endHours":7.128863950329463,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 3","start":"07:08","end":"08:08","startHours":7.128863950329463,"endHours":8.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 4","start":"08:08","end":"09:08","startHours":8.128863950329464,"endHours":9.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 5","start":"09:08","end":"10:08","startHours":9.128863950329464,"endHours":10.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 6","start":"10:08","end":"11:08","startHours":10.128863950329464,"endHours":11.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 7","start":"11:08","end":"12:08","startHours":11.128863950329464,"endHours":12.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 8","start":"12:08","end":"13:08","startHours":12.128863950329464,"endHours":13.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 9","start":"13:08","end":"14:08","startHours":13.128863950329464,"endHours":14.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 10","start":"14:08","end":"15:08","startHours":14.128863950329464,"endHours":15.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 11","start":"15:08","end":"16:08","startHours":15.128863950329464,"endHours":16.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 12","start":"16:08","end":"17:08","startHours":16.128863950329464,"endHours":17.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 13","start":"17:08","end":"18:08","startHours":17.128863950329464,"endHours":18.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 14","start":"18:08","end":"19:08","startHours":18.128863950329464,"endHours":19.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 15","start":"19:08","end":"20:08","startHours":19.128863950329464,"endHours":20.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 16","start":"20:08","end":"21:08","startHours":20.128863950329464,"endHours":21.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 17","start":"21:08","end":"22:08","startHours":21.128863950329464,"endHours":22.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"},{"name":"Hora 18","start":"22:08","end":"23:08","startHours":22.128863950329464,"endHours":23.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Saturn"},{"name":"Hora 19","start":"23:08","end":"00:08","startHours":23.128863950329464,"endHours":24.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Moon"},{"name":"Hora 20","start":"00:08","end":"01:08","startHours":24.128863950329464,"endHours":25.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Mercury"},{"name":"Hora 21","start":"01:08","end":"02:08","startHours":25.128863950329464,"endHours":26.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Venus"},{"name":"Hora 22","start":"02:08","end":"03:08","startHours":26.128863950329464,"endHours":27.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Sun"},{"name":"Hora 23","start":"03:08","end":"04:08","startHours":27.128863950329464,"endHours":28.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Mars"},{"name":"Hora 24","start":"04:08","end":"05:08","startHours":28.128863950329464,"endHours":29.128863950329464,"planetary_lord":"Jupiter"}],"taraBala":{"favorable_nakshatras":["Aśvinī","Bharaṇī","Punarvasu","Puṣya","Aśleṣā","Maghā","Pūrva Phalgunī","Viśākhā","Anurādhā","Jyeṣṭhā","Mūla","Pūrva Āṣāḍhā","Pūrva Bhādrapadā","Uttara Bhādrapadā","Revatī"],"unfavorable_nakshatras":["Kṛttikā","Rohiṇī","Mṛgaśirā","Ārdrā","Uttara Phalgunī","Hasta","Citrā","Svātī","Uttara Āṣāḍhā","Śravaṇa","Dhaniṣṭhā","Śatabhiṣaj"],"nature":"Janma-tara if same nakshatra; favorable for 15 nakshatras"},"chandraBala":{"favorable_rashis":["Meṣa","Mithuna","Siṃha","Vṛścika","Dhanu","Mīna"],"unfavorable_rashis":["Vṛṣabha","Karka","Kanyā","Tulā","Makara","Kumbha"]},"dishaShool":"West (Paścim)","chandraVasa":"South","rahuVasa":"North-East","anandadiYoga":{"name":"Dhvānkṣa","quality":"Inauspicious"},"drikRitu":"Varṣā (Monsoon) (Drik)","vedicRitu":"Grīṣma (Summer)","drikAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","vedicAyana":"Dakṣiṇāyana","meta":{"method":"BOB-History Sūrya-Siddhānta + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 spherical localization (Drikpanchang-parity)","declination":18.193349811084612,"eotMinutes":-6.071374512350812,"ayanamsa":24.0846}},"calendars":{"vikram_samvat":2073,"vikram_samvatsara":"Saumya","saka_samvat":1938,"saka_samvatsara":"Durmukhi","bengali_samvat":1423,"malayalam_era":1192,"nanakshahi_year":547,"lunar_month":"Śrāvaṇa","lunar_month_paksha_full":"Śrāvaṇa Kṛṣṇa Pakṣa","solar_month":"Karkaṭa (Āḍi)","ritu":"Varṣā (Monsoon)","display_summary":"Śrāvaṇa Kṛṣṇa Trayodaśī · Vikram 2073 Saumya · Śaka 1938 Durmukhi"},"festivals":[{"id":"karka-sankranti","name":"Karka Saṅkrānti (Dakṣiṇāyana)","name_sanskrit":"कर्क सङ्क्रान्ति","tradition":"Pan-Hindu","associated_deity":"Sūrya Bhagavān","significance":"Sun enters Cancer; Dakṣiṇāyana (south-going) begins. Devatā-rātri begins.","vrata":true,"detection":{"sun_rashi":"Karka"},"precedence":2},{"id":"pradosha-vrata","name":"Pradoṣa Vrata","name_sanskrit":"प्रदोष व्रत","tradition":"Shaiva","associated_deity":"Śiva","significance":"Twilight worship of Śiva on Trayodaśī.","vrata":true,"detection":{"any_of":[{"tithi_number":13},{"tithi_number":28}]},"precedence":7}],"todays_walk":{"walk":{"id":"surya-walk","name":"Sūrya Walk","name_sanskrit":"सूर्य यात्रा","type":"graha","description":"Self-illumination + BG 4.1 (Sun-lineage of Gītā transmission).","step_count":6,"url":"/walk/surya-walk"},"reason":"Ravivāra (Sunday) — its presiding graha's walk."},"cosmic_resonances":[]},"validity":{"eternal":false,"location_specific":"howrah"},"liturgical":{"opening":"जय श्री कृष्ण","closing":"ॐ तत् सत्","attribution":"Computed by Vidhyamitra Sūrya-Siddhānta substrate + Vidhyamitra Tier-2 layer"},"seo":{"title":"Pañchāṅga July 31, 2016 CE · Howrah, West Bengal · Vidhyamitra","description":"July 31, 2016 CE for Howrah, West Bengal: Kṛṣṇa Trayodaśī, sūryodaya 05:08, sūryāsta 18:18.","schema_org_type":"Article","canonical":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2016-07-31","hreflang_alternates":{"en":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2016-07-31","sa":"https://sa.vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2016-07-31","hi":"https://hi.vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2016-07-31","x-default":"https://vidhyamitra.com/city/howrah/2016-07-31"}},"provenance":[{"pillar":"BOB-History","pillar_version":"2.12.0","method":"Sūrya-Siddhānta first-principles + Bhāskara II + Kerala-school (Mādhava-Nīlakaṇṭha) corrections","retrieved_at":"2026-05-16T00:12:49.487Z","verification":{"type":"multi-marker","confidence":"canonical"}},{"pillar":"Vidhyamitra-Tier2","pillar_version":"0.1.0","method":"Spherical astronomy + Lahiri ayanamsa + standard solar declination + EoT correction","retrieved_at":"2026-05-16T00:12:49.487Z","verification":{"type":"community-validated","markers":["matches Drikpanchang ±1 minute on Narasiṁha Jayantī 2026"],"confidence":"verified"}}],"meta":{"generated_at":"2026-05-16T00:12:49.487Z","pillar_versions":{"Sūrya-Siddhānta":"Pūrṇa","Vidhyamitra-Tier2":"Pūrṇa"}}}